{"id":39164,"date":"2023-02-28T16:30:40","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T08:30:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www4.hkbts.edu.hk\/?page_id=39164"},"modified":"2025-12-12T10:40:14","modified_gmt":"2025-12-12T02:40:14","slug":"%e5%b1%b1%e9%81%93%e6%9c%9f%e5%88%8a-9","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/zh_cn\/hillroad\/%e5%b1%b1%e9%81%93%e6%9c%9f%e5%88%8a-9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u603b\u7b2c\u4e5d\u671f\uff082002\u5e746\u6708\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"39164\" class=\"elementor elementor-39164\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3678a500 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"3678a500\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-narrow\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f94dbf4\" data-id=\"2f94dbf4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-b93d3a elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"b93d3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b2a0fe1\" data-id=\"6b2a0fe1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" id=\"public_btn\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718895af elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget-mobile__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"718895af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"public_btn\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">\u51fa\u7248<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div 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menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-89398\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/zh_cn\/%e5%b1%b1%e9%81%93%e6%9c%9f%e5%88%8a-56\/\">\u5c71\u9053<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-36820\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36820\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/zh_cn\/books\/\">\u66f8\u7c4d<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-85965\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-85965\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/zh_cn\/annualreport\/%e5%b9%b4%e5%a0%b12024-2025\/\">\u5e74\u5831<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-15831\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15831\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/zh_cn\/subscriptions\/\">\u8a02\u8cfc\u6216\u67e5\u8a62<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/aside>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10dccb5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"10dccb5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">\u7e3d\u7b2c\u4e5d\u671f\uff082002\u5e746\u6708\uff09<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3c0537e4 elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"3c0537e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1320a8b1\" data-id=\"1320a8b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56e65a45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"56e65a45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<table id=\"t9\">\r\n    <tr>\r\n        <td id=\"c1\"><strong>\u4e3b\u984c\uff1a<\/strong><\/td>\r\n        <td><strong>\r\n            \u6559\u6703\u8207\u591a\u5143\u5b97\u6559\u8655\u5883<\/strong><br>\u5305\u62ec\u5c08\u984c\u6587\u7ae0\u4e94\u7bc7\u53ca\u66f8\u8a55\u4e03\u7bc7<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n        <td><strong>\u9801\u6578\uff1a<\/strong><\/td>\r\n        <td>139\r\n        <\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n        <td><strong>\u552e\u50f9\uff1a<\/strong><\/td>\r\n        <td>HK$100\r\n<!--        <a href=\"\/?page_id=15465\" target=\"_blank\">\r\n    <button class=\"buy_btn\">\u8a02\u8cfc \/ \u8a02\u95b1<\/button>\r\n  <\/a> -->\r\n<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n    #t9 tr td {\r\n        font-size: 21px;\r\n        font-weight: 400;\r\n        font-family:'Lato';\r\n        background: #f7f7f7;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 8px 5px;\r\n    }\r\n    #t9 a {\r\n        color: #555555;\r\n        text-decoration-line: underline;\r\n    }\r\n    #t9 strong{\r\n        font-weight: 700;\r\n    }\r\n        #t9 #c1{\r\n        width: 18% !important;\r\n    }\r\n    #t9 button{\r\n    font-size: 16px;\r\n    padding: 6px 16px;\r\n    background: #235ba8;\r\n    border:none;\r\n    margin-left: 12px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n    \r\n@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n        #t9 tr td {\r\n        font-size: 18px !important;\r\n        font-weight: 400;\r\n        font-family:'Lato';\r\n        background: #f7f7f7;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 8px 5px;\r\n    }\r\n    \r\n    #t9 #c1{\r\n        width: 28% !important;\r\n    }\r\n    #t9 button{\r\n    font-size: 14px;\r\n    padding: 6px 16px;\r\n    background: #235ba8;\r\n    border:none;\r\n    margin-left: 10px;\r\n}\r\n    }\r\n<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b980e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"262b980e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"hidesec1\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<table id=\"t9-2\">\r\n    <tr>\r\n        <td colspan=\"3\" class=\"title\"><strong>\u5c08\u984c\u6587\u7ae0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n        <td width=\"15%\">\u9ec3\u798f\u5149<\/td>\r\n        <td>\u5f9e\u820a\u7d04\u770b\u591a\u5143\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u59d4\u8eab<\/td>\r\n        <td><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"show41()\">Abstract<\/a><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n        <td>\u5b6b\u5bf6\u73b2<\/td>\r\n        <td>\u591a\u5143\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u8003\u9a57\uff1a\u65b0\u7d04\u4f7f\u5f92\u884c\u50b3\u7684\u500b\u6848<\/td>\r\n        <td><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"show41_1()\">Abstract<\/a><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n        <td>\u5433\u570b\u5091<\/td>\r\n        <td>\u6559\u7236\u6642\u671f\u7684\u6559\u6703\u8207\u591a\u5143\u5b97\u6559\u8655\u5883\uff1a\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u6642\u671f\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5316\u9032\u7a0b\u518d\u601d<\/td>\r\n        <td><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"show41_2()\">Abstract<\/a><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n        <td>\u66f9\u5049\u5f64<\/td>\r\n        <td>\u5f8c\u81ea\u7531\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u89c0<\/td>\r\n         <td><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"show41_3()\">Abstract<\/a><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n        <td>\u913a\u632f\u83ef<\/td>\r\n        <td>\u591a\u5143\u5b97\u6559\u8655\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u9999\u6e2f\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\uff1a\u5f9e\u56de\u6b78\u524d\u5f8c\u7684\u5e7e\u500b\u500b\u6848\u770b\u9999\u6e2f\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u72c0\u6cc1\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u548c\u6559\u6703\u7684\u8cac\u4efb<\/td>\r\n        <td><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"show41_4()\">Abstract<\/a><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"overlay41\" onclick=\"hide41()\">\r\n        <div id=\"content_wrapper_41\">\r\n            <div id=\"text_41\">\r\n                <ul class=\"display-posts-listing\"><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\">\n<h3 class=\"has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Religious Commitment in a Pluralistic Society: An Old Testament Perspective<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-color wp-block-heading\" style=\"color:#235ba8\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>WONG Fook Kong<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This essay begins with Brueggemann&#8217;s observation about the &#8220;amazing pluralism&#8221; both within and without the Church. I agree with this statement with the qualification that this has been the experience of Asian churches all along. Pluralism both within and without its ranks is not new to Asian churches. When we look at the Old Testament against the background of the ancient Near East, it is evident that ancient Israel also lived in a pluralistic society. Different gods competed for loyalty among the nations. Within Israel too there were different views about YHWH. It is against these competing ideologies that the authors of the Bible affirmed their commitment to worship YHWH as the one and only God. Thus pluralism should not be a reason for abandoning one&#8217;s commitment to worship YHWH as the one and only God. Rather, it is exactly in face of alternatives and competing claims that one needs to make a firm commitment to worship YHWH.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div id=\"overlay41_1\" onclick=\"hide41_1()\">\r\n        <div id=\"content_wrapper_41_1\">\r\n            <div id=\"text_41_1\">\r\n                <ul class=\"display-posts-listing\"><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\">\n<h3 class=\"has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>The Challenge of Religious Pluralism: The Book of Acts as a Test Case<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-color wp-block-heading\" style=\"color:#235ba8\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Poling J. Sun<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the 80s of the last century the issue of religious pluralism has become a challenge to Christian communities. Granted the highly developed connections among nations in this electronic age resulting in conversations and mutual influences, a plurality of cultural and religious phenomena seems inevitable. This is similar to the situation in which the early Christian communities found themselves, addressing and being addressed by a world characterized by cultural inter-penetration. With this in view, this article offers a study of several passages in the Book of Acts, attempting to explore how the early Christian communities encountered their surrounding culture in the course of finding their identity and appropriating their mission.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div id=\"overlay41_2\" onclick=\"hide41_2()\">\r\n        <div id=\"content_wrapper_41_2\">\r\n            <div id=\"text_41_2\">\r\n                <ul class=\"display-posts-listing\"><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\">\n<h3 class=\"has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>The Church and Pluralism in the Patristic Period: A Reconsideration of the Progress of Christianization of the Roman Empire during the Time of Constantine<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-color wp-block-heading\" style=\"color:#235ba8\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Nathan K. Ng<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The reason for the conversion of Constantine has long been a matter of scholarly debate. Traditionally, the emperor is believed to have been converted religiously by the power of Christ. Modern scholarship, however, tends to attribute the conversion to political reason. This article intends to reevaluate the controversial conversion through a reexamination of the progress of christianization of the Roman Empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first section tries to show that the political stature of paganism was actually at that time much higher than the church. It would be very difficult to explain why Constantine chose to become a Christian if, as many modern scholars suggest, political stability was his sole concern. On this foundation, the second section argues that the emperor&#8217;s bias towards Christianity was at least partially religious. Putting all evidences into consideration, a proposal of the spiritual journey of Constantine is tentatively reconstructed at the end of the discussion.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div id=\"overlay41_3\" onclick=\"hide41_3()\">\r\n        <div id=\"content_wrapper_41_3\">\r\n            <div id=\"text_41_3\">\r\n                <ul class=\"display-posts-listing\"><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><p>Please refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/?p=93360\/\">Chinese page<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/QDQfhvCdpDJGr5WU8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u7f51\u4e0a\u62a5\u540d<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/QDQfhvCdpDJGr5WU8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u7db2\u4e0a\u5831\u540d<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/QDQfhvCdpDJGr5WU8\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"727\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah.jpg?resize=727%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?resize=727%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 727w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?resize=213%2C300&amp;ssl=1 213w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C1081&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?resize=1091%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1091w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?resize=1454%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1454w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?w=1818&amp;ssl=1 1818w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 727px) 100vw, 727px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u9ec3\u798f\u5149<\/h4>\u526f\u9662\u9577\uff08\u5b78\u8853\uff09\u3001\u820a\u7d04\u6559\u6388<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u70ba\u4f55\u707d\u798d\u81e8\u5230\uff1f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u7576\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u6703\u554f\u300c\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u8a31\u591a\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e8b\u60c5\u767c\u751f\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u3002\u6839\u64da\u4e16\u754c\u885b\u751f\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u6578\u64da\uff0c\u622a\u81f32026\u5e741\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u5408\u51717,110,188\u4eba\u6b7b\u65bc\u65b0\u51a0\u80ba\u708e\uff08COVID-19\uff09\u3002<sup>1<\/sup> \u8ddd\u96e2\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u8fd1\u7684\u5927\u57d4\u5b8f\u798f\u82d1\u706b\u707d\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6578\u9054168\u4eba\u3002\u9019\u5169\u5834\u707d\u96e3\u90fd\u5c0d\u9999\u6e2f\u5dff\u6c11\u9020\u6210\u6df1\u9060\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8d77\u56e0\u4e26\u975e\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u77e5\u66c9\u3002\u65b0\u51a0\u75ab\u60c5\u662f\u7531\u65b0\u578b\u51a0\u72c0\u75c5\u6bd2SARS-CoV-2\u5f15\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u57d4\u706b\u707d\u5df2\u67e5\u660e\u591a\u9805\u8087\u56e0\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u9805\u662f\u795e\u7955\u83ab\u6e2c\u6216\u7121\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u70ba\u4f55\u6211\u5011\u5373\u4f7f\u77e5\u9053\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u4ecd\u8981\u8ffd\u554f\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u5462\uff1f\u60f3\u5fc5\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u55ae\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u707d\u798d\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\uff0c\u66f4\u6e34\u671b\u660e\u767d\u5176\u6df1\u5c64\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c<b>\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u795e\u5bb9\u8a31\u2015\u2015\u751a\u6216\u4fc3\u4f7f\u2015\u2015\u707d\u798d\u767c\u751f<\/b>\u3002\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u88cf\uff0c\u795e\u900f\u904e\u5929\u4f7f\u3001\u5148\u77e5\u3001\u7570\u8c61\u6216\u5922\u5883\u50b3\u9054\u7942\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5411\u4eba\u986f\u73fe\uff0c\u89aa\u81ea\u50b3\u905e\u7942\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\uff0c\u4e00\u9ede\u4e5f\u4e0d\u542b\u7cca\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u975e\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u638c\u63a7\u2015\u2015\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u88cf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bc4\u671b\u5f9e\u9019\u4e9b\u9014\u5f91\u7372\u5f97\u89e3\u91cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u8056\u7d93\uff0c\u662f\u65e2\u6613\u53d6\u5f97\u4e14\u5177\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u5c0d\u707d\u798d\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8a31\u591a\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5305\u62ec\u90aa\u9748\u7684\u653b\u64ca\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7d04\u4f2f\u8a18\uff09\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7f6a\u6027\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u58eb\u5341\u4e5d\uff5e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\uff09\u3001\u76f8\u95dc\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u611a\u6627\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff08\u7bb4\u534114\uff0c\u5341\u56db16\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u795e\u7684\u5be9\u5224\uff08\u7533\u4e8c\u5341\u516b15-68\uff09\u3002\u50b3\u9053\u66f8\u4e5d\u7ae012\u7bc0\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5371\u53ca\u751f\u547d\u7684\u707d\u798d\uff08\u539f\u6587\u4f5c\u300c\u60e1\u6642\u300d\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6beb\u7121\u9810\u8b66\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5ffd\u7136\u81e8\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u58ae\u843d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u707d\u96e3\u662f\u5e38\u614b\uff0c\u7121\u9700\u591a\u52a0\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u5f9e\u8f03\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u795e\u5bb9\u8a31\u67d0\u4e9b\u707d\u798d\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u85c9\u6b64\u6559\u5c0e\u6216\u8a13\u7df4\u6211\u5011\u5b78\u7fa9\uff08\u7533\u516b1-3\uff1b\u5f7c\u524d\u4e006-7\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u9019\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8499\u53ec\u70ba\u795e\u570b\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u82e6\uff08\u592a\u4e9410-12\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5168\u90fd\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u4f46<b>\u554f\u984c\u662f\u6211\u5011\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u5920\u8fa8\u660e\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u500b\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u54ea\u500b\u624d\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u89e3\u7b54<\/b>\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u70ba\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f04\u932f\u4e86\u3002\u7d04\u4f2f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4fbf\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u77e5\u9053\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u8ab0\u77e5\u662f\u770b\u932f\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u63a2\u5c0b\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u610f\u7fa9<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000<b>\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u63a2\u5c0b\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u6642\uff0c\u8a72\u5148\u8abf\u67e5\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8087\u56e0\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e5f\u8a31\u5c31\u662f\u610f\u7fa9\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/b>\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u82e5\u6709\u4eba\u72af\u7f6a\u3001\u72af\u6cd5\u6216\u505a\u4e86\u611a\u6627\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u62db\u81f4\u707d\u798d\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u798d\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u61c9\u8a72\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7f6a\u60e1\u3001\u904e\u72af\u6216\u611a\u6627\u800c\u6094\u6539\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u5c0b\u6c42\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u6b64\u8209\u5c0d\u65bc\u9632\u6b62\u707d\u96e3\u91cd\u6f14\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4f46<b>\u5047\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u8087\u56e0\u4e26\u4e0d\u660e\u78ba\uff0c\u5f37\u4f5c\u89e3\u91cb\u5247\u6703\u9069\u5f97\u5176\u53cd<\/b>\uff0c\u7121\u52a9\u65bc\u963b\u6b62\u707d\u96e3\u91cd\u6f14\u3002\u6cc1\u4e14\uff0c\u5c07\u904e\u5931\u6b78\u548e\u65bc\u7121\u8f9c\u8005\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u6b20\u516c\u5141\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9808\u518d\u8ac7\u8ac7\u7d04\u4f2f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u6c92\u6709\u51fa\u932f\u2015\u2015\u795e\u734e\u8cde\u9075\u884c\u7942\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u61f2\u7f70\u9055\u80cc\u8005\uff0c\u9019\u89c0\u5ff5\u53ef\u898b\u65bc\u8056\u7d93\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7533\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\uff1b\u58eb\u4e097-8\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u662f\u628a\u9019\u500b\u795e\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u5957\u7528\u5728\u7d04\u4f2f\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u61c9\u7528\u932f\u8aa4\u6bd4\u8a6e\u91cb\u932f\u8aa4\u66f4\u96e3\u7cfe\u6b63\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u500b\u4e3b\u89c0\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u8056\u7d93\u70ba\u707d\u798d\u548c\u82e6\u96e3\u63d0\u4f9b\u8a31\u591a\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u5224\u65b7\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u500b\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u54ea\u500b\u89e3\u91cb\uff08\u5982\u6709\uff09\u65b9\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4f3d\u9054\u9ed8\u723e\uff08Hans-Georg Gadamer\uff09\u5f15\u8ff0\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff08Immanuel Kant\uff09\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u898f\u5247\u898f\u7bc4\u6211\u5011\u5408\u7406\u5730\u904b\u7528\u898f\u5247\u3002\u300d<sup>2<\/sup> \u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u672c\u8056\u7d93\u6559\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u7528\u8056\u7d93\u3002\u9019\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\uff1a<b>\u5373\u4f7f\u8a6e\u91cb\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u5728\u61c9\u7528\u6642\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u932f\u3002<\/b>\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7814\u8b80\u8056\u7d93\u4e0d\u50c5\u95dc\u4e4e\u6b77\u53f2\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u9084\u9700\u8981\u8056\u9748\u5f15\u5c0e\u548c\u8fa8\u8b58\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5c07\u771f\u7406\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u61c9\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f0f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u9762\u5c0d\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u8def\u5f97\u8a18\u4e2d\u7684\u8def\u5f97\u548c\u6ce2\u963f\u65af\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u61c9\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u7d04\u4f2f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u8def\u5f97\u6c92\u6709\u8a66\u5716\u89e3\u91cb\u62ff\u4fc4\u7c73\u70ba\u4f55\u5931\u53bb\u4e08\u592b\u548c\u5169\u500b\u5152\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u966a\u4f34\u5979\u8fd4\u56de\u4f2f\u5229\u6046\uff0c\u6089\u5fc3\u7167\u9867\u5979\u3002\u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u6ce2\u963f\u65af\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u5617\u8a66\u89e3\u91cb\u60b2\u5287\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u751f\u5728\u62ff\u4fc4\u7c73\u548c\u8def\u5f97\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5354\u52a9\u5979\u5011\u7372\u53d6\u7ce7\u98df\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u66f4\u6210\u70ba\u5979\u5011\u7684\u300c\u89aa\u5c6c\u8d16\u8005\u300d\uff08kinsman redeemer\uff09\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u707d\u798d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u7121\u80fd\u70ba\u529b\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5f88\u591a\u5be6\u4e8b\u53bb\u5e6b\u52a9\u53d7\u707d\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u63a2\u6c42\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u6df1\u5c64\u610f\u7fa9\u55ce\uff1f\u6211\u60f3\u5c0d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u601d\u662f\u5f9e\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6c72\u53d6\u751a\u9ebc\u5c6c\u9748\u6559\u8a13\u3002\u9019\u6d89\u53ca\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u9818\u53d7\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u89aa\u8eab\u7d93\u6b77\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4e2d\u9818\u609f\u5c6c\u9748\u7684\u529f\u8ab2\uff1b\u82e5\u89aa\u6b77\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8aaa\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6307\u53e6\u4e00\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5426\u5728\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u8fa8\u8b58\u795e\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u61c9\u7576\u8b39\u614e\u4e86\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e16\u4ee3\u90aa\u60e1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u795e\u85c9\u65b0\u51a0\u75c5\u6bd2\u4f86\u61f2\u7f70\u4e16\u754c\uff1f\u6291\u6216\u9019\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u518d\u4f86\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u9663\u75db\u9810\u5146\uff08\u53ef\u5341\u4e098\uff09\uff1f\u5169\u8005\u7686\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u80af\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u89e3\u91cb\u7576\u4f5c\u771f\u7406\u53bb\u6559\u5c0e\u4eba\u3002\u8207\u5176\u63d0\u51fa\u7121\u6cd5\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5207\u5be6\u9075\u884c\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae029\u7bc0\u7684\u6559\u8a13\uff1a\u300c\u96b1\u7955\u7684\u4e8b\u662f\u5c6c\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u2500\u2500\u6211\u5011\u795e\u7684\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u660e\u986f\u7684\u4e8b\u662f\u6c38\u9060\u5c6c\u6211\u5011\u548c\u6211\u5011\u5b50\u5b6b\u7684\uff0c\u597d\u53eb\u6211\u5011\u9075\u884c\u9019\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u8a71\u3002\u300d\u540c\u6a23\uff0c<b>\u795e\u5bb9\u8a31\u6216\u4fc3\u4f7f\u707d\u798d\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u4e5f\u8a31\u96b1\u800c\u4e0d\u986f\uff1b\u4f46\u7942\u5429\u5490\u6211\u5011\u5e6b\u52a9\u6709\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u9019\u65e8\u610f\u5df2\u6e05\u695a\u986f\u660e\u4e86<\/b>\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>1<\/sup> \u201cNumber of COVID-19 deaths reported to WHO\u201d\u3014\u7db2\u4e0a\u8cc7\u6599\u3015\uff1b\u53d6\u81ea\u4e16\u754c\u885b\u751f\u7d44\u7e54\uff08World Health Organization\uff09\u7db2\u9801\uff08https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/deaths\uff09\uff1b\u700f\u89bd\u65bc2026\u5e742\u670813\u65e5\u3002<br \/>\n<sup>2<\/sup> Hans-Georg Gadamer, <em>Reason in the Age of Science<\/em>, trans. Grederick G. Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), 121.<p><\/p>\n<p align=\"right\"><b>\uff08\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff1a\u9673\u79c0\u5a9a\uff09<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Experiencing God\u2019s Love<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church\u2019s condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God\u2019s love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Awakening My Heart for Missions<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people\u2014alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church\u2019s electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls\u2019 dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Later, the children\u2019s pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo\u2019s \u201cWater Melody\u201d and Li Houzhu\u2019s \u201cLady Yu.\u201d Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Embracing the Missionary Vision<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. <em><strong>Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices! <\/strong><\/em><\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of \u201cestablishing oneself at thirty\u201d: <em><strong>First, I asked myself, \u201cWhy does the Lord give me all these gifts?\u201d Then, I asked myself, \u201cWhy have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?\u201d <\/strong><\/em> Thus, I resolved to answer God\u2019s call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!<\/p>\t\t\n                                <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M480 160H32c-17.673 0-32-14.327-32-32V64c0-17.673 14.327-32 32-32h448c17.673 0 32 14.327 32 32v64c0 17.673-14.327 32-32 32zm-48-88c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm-64 0c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm112 248H32c-17.673 0-32-14.327-32-32v-64c0-17.673 14.327-32 32-32h448c17.673 0 32 14.327 32 32v64c0 17.673-14.327 32-32 32zm-48-88c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm-64 0c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm112 248H32c-17.673 0-32-14.327-32-32v-64c0-17.673 14.327-32 32-32h448c17.673 0 32 14.327 32 32v64c0 17.673-14.327 32-32 32zm-48-88c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm-64 0c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24z\"><\/path><\/svg>                            \n                    <h2 >\n                        \u5927\u57d4\u5b8f\u798f\u82d1\u706b\u707d                    <\/h2>\n                    <p >\n                        \u5927\u57d4\u5b8f\u798f\u82d1\u706b\u707d                    <\/p>\n                                <a \n                                    href=\"\"\n                                                                                                        >\n                                            Learn More                                        \n                                                                                                        <\/a><!-- \/wp:post-content --><\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u6797\u5929\u7950<\/h4>\n<p>\u65b0\u7d04\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388<\/p>\n<h4>Daniel Lam<\/h4>\n<p>Assistant Professor of New Testament<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u518d\u601d\u4fdd\u7f85\u7b46\u4e0b\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fdd\u7f85\u5beb\u5e0c\u81d8\u6587\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\uff08\u97f3\u8b6f\uff1a\u666e\u7d10\u746a \/ <em>pneuma<\/em>\uff09\u4e00\u8a5e\u6642\uff0c\u5fc3\u4e2d\u6240\u6307\u7684\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u5c0d\u5927\u591a\u6578\u73fe\u4ee3\u8b80\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u4f3c\u4e4e\u975e\u5e38\u7c21\u55ae\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u9748\u6216\u8056\u9748\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5373\u4e09\u4e00\u795e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4f4d\u683c\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u8cdc\u4eba\u5b89\u6170\u3001\u4f7f\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u3001\u6eff\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u795e\u8056\u65bd\u52d5\u8005\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5c31\u60f3\u8d77\u9019\u500b\u795e\u5b78\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u604d\u5982\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff1b\u8b80\u8005\u548c\u8b6f\u8005\u90fd\u5e7e\u4e4e\u672c\u80fd\u5730\u5982\u6b64\u7406\u89e3\u3002<b>\u4f46\u8fd1\u5e74\u6709\u4eba\u537b\u8cea\u7591\u8a72\u5426\u628a\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u8b6f\u4f5c\u300c\u9748\u300d\u3002\u672c\u6587\u65e8\u5728\u63a2\u8a0e\u9019\u4e9b\u7570\u8b70\uff0c\u4e26\u63a2\u7d22\u4ee5\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u4e00\u8a5e\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u73fe\u4ee3\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6b77\u4f86\u5c55\u73fe\u51fa\u795e\u5b78\u9032\u8def\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u9032\u8def\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5f35\u529b\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\uff0c\u889e\u514b\u723e\uff08Hermann Gunkel\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c07\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u5f9e\u5176\u820a\u7d04\u53ca\u5e0c\u81d8\u5316\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5272\u88c2\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u653e\u9032\u300c\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u6b64\u8209\u5f71\u97ff\u6df1\u9060\uff0c\u56e0\u9019\u6846\u67b6\u5f8c\u4f86\u7531\u5e03\u7279\u66fc\uff08Rudolf Bultmann\uff09\u548c\u84cb\u58eb\u66fc\uff08Ernst K\u00e4semann\uff09\u7b49\u5de8\u64d8\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u6df1\u5177\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u7279\u8272\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u978f\u56fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u9748\u610f\u300d\u8a6e\u91cb\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u5167\u5728\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u9ad4\u9a57\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5b78\u8853\u6d41\u6d3e\u88cf\uff0c\u9748\u5c31\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5167\u5728\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u9019\u537b\u5f80\u5f80\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5176\u5b87\u5b99\u5c64\u9762\u548c\u5f62\u9ad4\u5c64\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u6709\u5b78\u8005\u5805\u6301\u63a1\u7528\u8f03\u6709\u6b77\u53f2\u6839\u64da\u7684\u300c\u7269\u7406\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\uff08\u201cphysicalist\u201d\uff09\u89e3\u8b80\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<b>\u6234\u723e\u2027\u99ac\u4e01<\/b>\uff08Dale Martin\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u8eab\u9ad4\u8ad6\u300b\uff08<em>The Corinthian Body<\/em>, 1995\uff09\u5177\u6709\u958b\u5275\u6027\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u95e1\u660e\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u807d\u773e\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f9e\u6574\u9ad4\u6027\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u5b87\u5b99\u89c0\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u8eab\u9ad4\u548c\u9748\uff1b\u5728\u9019\u5b87\u5b99\u89c0\u88cf\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u8207\u9748\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u7e54\u3002\u5176\u5f8c\uff0c<b>\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee<\/b>\uff08Troels Engberg-Pedersen\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u8207\u81ea\u6211\u300b\uff08<em>Cosmology and Self in the Apostle Paul<\/em>, 2010\uff09\u4e00\u66f8\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u8a72\u5f9e\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08Stoic\uff09\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u89e3\u8b80\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u5177\u667a\u6167\u4e4b\u300c\u6c23\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u69cb\u6210\u4e26\u806f\u5408\u842c\u7269\u7684\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u6a19\u8a8c\u8457\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u8f49\u5411\uff0c\u5b78\u8005\u958b\u59cb\u8a8d\u771f\u5c0d\u5f85\u4fdd\u7f85\u6240\u5c55\u73fe\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u89c0\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u64f1\u4e0b\u300c\u5f8c\u7b1b\u5361\u5152\u300d\uff08post-Cartesian\uff09\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff1a\u8996\u300c\u9748\u300d\u70ba\u975e\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u611f\u53d7\uff1b\u4e26\u4e14\u91cd\u62fe\u53e4\u6642\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u8996\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u70ba\u5be6\u9ad4\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u5b78\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8981\u91cd\u62fe\u9019\u500b\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u6700\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u9470\u5319\u5c31\u662f\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u90a3\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u8eab\u8655\u7684\u5e0c\u81d8\u7f85\u99ac\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e3b\u5c0e\u601d\u60f3\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u2015\u2015\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u7269\u8cea\uff1f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5c0d\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u4e26\u975e\u9748\u9b42\u6216\u975e\u7269\u8cea\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u6027\u7684\u751f\u547d\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u6c23\u8207\u706b\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u9ad4\uff0c\u5177\u667a\u6167\u7684\uff0c\u6ef2\u900f\u842c\u7269\u4e26\u69cb\u6210\u6574\u500b\u5b87\u5b99\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u7e69\u7d22\u7684\u5f35\u529b\u3001\u690d\u7269\u7684\u751f\u9577\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7406\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u3001\u661f\u8fb0\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u9019\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u65e2\u795e\u8056\u53c8\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e14\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u69cb\u6210\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u5c64\u7d1a\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff08hierarchy of being\uff09\uff0c\u5f9e\u6c89\u91cd\u5805\u5be6\u7684\u5ca9\u77f3\u5230\u865b\u7121\u98c4\u6e3a\u7684\u795e\u660e\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u8207\u795e\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u903e\u8d8a\u7684\u9d3b\u6e9d\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u807d\u773e\u2015\u2015\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u6216\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u2015\u2015\u90fd\u6c89\u6d78\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u601d\u60f3\u6c1b\u570d\u3002\u7576\u4fdd\u7f85\u8ac7\u8ad6\u666e\u7d10\u746a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u806f\u60f3\u8d77\u9019\u5b87\u5b99\u6027\u3001\u8ce6\u4e88\u751f\u547d\u529b\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c<b>\u5c07\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u6163\u6027\u5730\u8b6f\u505a\u7121\u5f62\u7121\u9ad4\u7684\u300c\u8056\u9748\u300d\uff0c\u5be6\u5c6c\u6642\u4ee3\u932f\u7f6e\uff0c\u628a\u5fc3\u9748\u8207\u8eab\u9ad4\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u89c0\u5ff5\u5f15\u5165\u7d93\u6587\uff1b\u9019\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u964c\u751f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5<\/b>\u3002\u8981\u6b63\u78ba\u89e3\u8b80\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u6309\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u9019\u500b\u6709\u95dc\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u7528\u8a9e\uff1a\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u53ef\u50be\u6d41\uff0c\u53ef\u98f2\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u704c\u6ce8\uff1b\u5b83\u662f\u6709\u5f62\u6709\u9ad4\u7684\u5be6\u5728\uff0c\u80fd\u7531\u5167\u800c\u5916\u8f49\u5316\u4fe1\u5f92\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<b>\u5f9e\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u7269\u8cea\u89c0\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u53bb\u770b\u666e\u7d10\u746a\uff0c\u5c07\u5fb9\u5e95\u91cd\u5851\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u8b80\u90a3\u4e9b\u719f\u6089\u7684\u7d93\u6587\u3002<\/b>\u5148\u770b<b>\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u524d\u66f8\u5341\u4e94\u7ae044\u81f345\u7bc0<\/b>\u4fdd\u7f85\u600e\u6a23\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u3002\u6b64\u8655\u4fdd\u7f85\u5c07\u6b7b\u53bb\u7684\u300c\u8840\u8089\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u300d\uff08\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\uff09\u8207\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u300c\u9748\u6027\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u300d\uff08\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\uff09\u4f5c\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u9707\u64bc\u5730\u5ba3\u8a00\uff1a\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u300c\u8cdc\u751f\u547d\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300d\uff08\u548c\u5408\u672c\uff1a\u300c\u53eb\u4eba\u6d3b\u7684\u9748\u300d\uff09\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\u5c07\u300c\u9748\u6027\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u300d\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u6eff\u6709\u69ae\u8000\u3001\u6c38\u4e0d\u673d\u58de\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u8056\u9748\u5f15\u5c0e\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u57fa\u7763\u6216\u662f\u64c1\u6709\u8056\u9748\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u8207\u8056\u9748\u540c\u884c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u898b\u89e3\uff0c\u5c07\u9019\u5169\u7bc0\u7d93\u6587\u9023\u7e6b\u65bc\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u5341\u4e94\u7ae040\u81f341\u7bc0\u6709\u95dc\u65e5\u6708\u7b49\u5929\u9ad4\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u300c\u9748\u6027\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u300d\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u300c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u7269\u8cea\u300d\uff08<em>pneuma<\/em>-stuff\uff09\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u8ec0\u9ad4\uff0c\u9019\u597d\u50cf\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u5c0d\u661f\u8fb0\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u661f\u8fb0\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u9019\u7a2e\u7cbe\u7d14\u3001\u795e\u8056\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u7d44\u6210\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u4f5c\u70ba\u300c\u672b\u5f8c\u7684\u4e9e\u7576\u300d\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u9818\u53d7\u4e86\u8056\u9748\uff0c\u7942\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5f62\u614b\u5c31\u662f\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u3002\u7942\u6210\u70ba\u90a3\u8ce6\u4e88\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u4e4b\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7269\u8cea\u7d42\u5fc5\u91cd\u69cb\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u5f62\u9ad4\u3002\u6309\u6b64\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u5fa9\u6d3b\u4e0d\u55ae\u662f\u6062\u5fa9\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u8f49\u5316\u8089\u8eab\u6210\u70ba\u5168\u7136\u5d84\u65b0\u3001\u5c6c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u5f62\u614b\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f<b>\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u4e94\u7ae05\u7bc0<\/b>\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u56e0\u70ba\u6240\u8cdc\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8056\u9748\uff08<em>pneuma<\/em>\uff09\u5c07\u795e\u7684\u611b\u6f86\u704c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u5fc3\u88cf\u3002\u300d\uff08\u548c\u5408\u672c\uff09\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\u5c07\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u770b\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u7f8e\u9e97\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u8056\u9748\u8ce6\u4e88\u6211\u5011\u5167\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u78ba\u64da\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u6211\u5011\u9818\u53d7\u4e86\u795e\u7684\u611b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6309\u7269\u8cea\u89c0\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\u66f4\u70ba\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u3002\u6839\u64da\u53e4\u4ee3\u91ab\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u300c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u8ad6\u300d\uff08Pneumatism\uff0c\u6216\u8b6f\u4f5c\u300c\u6c23\u8ad6\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u900f\u904e\u547c\u5438\u9032\u5165\u4eba\u9ad4\u7684\u5916\u754c\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u7d93\u5fc3\u81df\u8655\u7406\u5f8c\uff0c\u7531\u52d5\u8108\u8f38\u9001\u5230\u8eab\u9ad4\u5404\u8655\uff0c\u8abf\u63a7\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u7576\u4fdd\u7f85\u8aaa\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u88ab\u300c\u6f86\u704c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u5fc3\u88cf\u300d\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u751f\u7406\u904e\u7a0b\uff1a\u795e\u8056\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u5be6\u8cea\u5730\u6ce8\u5165\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u5fc3\u81df\u4e2d\u6a1e\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u6027\u5730\u6539\u8b8a\u5176\u9ad4\u8cea\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u6309\u7167\u795e\u7684\u611b\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6539\u8b8a\u540c\u6642\u6d89\u53ca\u8a8d\u77e5\u548c\u8eab\u9ad4\uff0c\u662f\u6574\u500b\u4eba\u5167\u5916\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u8f49\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\uff1a\u5169\u5927\u6279\u5224<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u89c0\u9ede\u65e5\u76ca\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u8996\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u7269\u8cea\u89c0\u8ad6\u8ff0\u537b\u906d\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u9802\u5c16\u5b78\u8005\u6279\u8a55\u3002\u5df4\u514b\u79ae\uff08John Barclay\uff09\u53ca\u5229\u7dad\u68ee\uff08John Levison\uff09\u7cbe\u6e96\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4e2d\u7684\u5f35\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<b>\u5df4\u514b\u79ae<\/b>\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u5c64\u9762\u5341\u5206\u7cbe\u78ba\u56b4\u5bc6\uff0c\u537b\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4fdd\u7f85\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5fb9\u5e95\u3001\u985b\u8986\u6027\u7684\u5d84\u65b0\u3002\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u4e26\u975e\u5148\u5b58\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u6027\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u50c5\u662f\u5f9e\u5929\u4e0a\u50b3\u9001\u5230\u5730\u4e0a\uff1b\u5b83\u4e43\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5fa9\u6d3b\u6240\u91cb\u653e\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u7d42\u672b\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u662f\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u300c\u65b0\u5275\u9020\u300d\uff08\u6797\u5f8c\u4e9417\uff09\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u524d\u66f8\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0\uff0c\u5df4\u514b\u79ae\u99c1\u65a5\u90a3\u660e\u78ba\u6307\u7a31\u65e5\u3001\u6708\u3001\u661f\u8fb0\u7b49\u300c\u5929\u9ad4\u300d\u70ba\u300c\u9748\u6027\u7684 \/ \u7531\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u300d\u4e4b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f35\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u662f\u5f37\u8abf\u795e\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u80fd\u8ce6\u4e88\u842c\u7269\u5404\u6709\u5176\u5f62\u9ad4\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u52fe\u52d2\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u968e\u68af\uff08<em>scala naturae<\/em>\uff0c\u5373\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u5c64\u7d1a\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff09\u3002\u7b2c45\u7bc0\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u8cdc\u751f\u547d\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300d\u662f\u6307\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u5927\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u6027\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u5df4\u514b\u79ae\u8b66\u544a\u8aaa\uff0c\u82e5\u5c07\u5176\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u7269\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u5247\u7121\u7570\u65bc\u5c07\u5fa9\u6d3b\u8cb6\u4f4e\u70ba\u300c\u5c0d\u65e2\u6709\u5b87\u5b99\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u7d44\u5408\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c07\u300c\u9748\u6027\u8207\u7269\u8cea\u300d\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u6982\u5ff5\u52a0\u8af8\u4fdd\u7f85\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u9ede\u537b\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u6642\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u97f3\u8b6f\uff08\u300c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300d\uff09\u6b63\u597d\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u66ab\u6642\u64f1\u4e0b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u9810\u8a2d\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u8046\u807d\u4fdd\u7f85\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u672c\u610f\u3002\u904b\u7528\u9019\u500b\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u898b\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u7576\u6642\u6700\u80fd\u8868\u9054\u8f49\u5316\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u7528\u8a9e\u2015\u2015\u4e00\u7a2e\u795e\u8056\u3001\u8f49\u5316\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u2015\u2015\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u88cf\u7684\u65b0\u751f\u547d\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7121\u9808\u56e0\u800c\u65b7\u8a00\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u6216\u5c07\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u8996\u70ba\u300c\u50c5\u50c5\u300d\u91ab\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u300c\u6c23\u300d\u3002\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u8868\u660e\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u904b\u7528\u4e86\u9019\u5957\u6982\u5ff5\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4f86\u95e1\u8ff0\u90a3\u96e3\u4ee5\u8a00\u55bb\u7684\u300c\u5d84\u65b0\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5df4\u514b\u79ae\u60f3\u8981\u7dad\u8b77\u7684\u3002\u9019\u300c\u5d84\u65b0\u300d\u5728\u65bc\u795e\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u88cf\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u6551\u8d16\u884c\u52d5\uff1b\u4f46\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u537b\u7528\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<b>\u5229\u7dad\u68ee<\/b>\u5247\u8d0a\u540c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u5177\u6709\u5be6\u8cea\u6027\u7684\u7dad\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u6279\u8a55\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u904b\u7528\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\u6709\u9078\u64c7\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u751a\u81f3\u986f\u5f97\u727d\u5f37\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5ffd\u8996\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7336\u592a\u50b3\u7d71\u89c0\u5ff5\u6709\u66f4\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u5c0d\u61c9\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u4ed6\u7279\u5225\u63d0\u51fa\u5169\u9805\u7591\u616e\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u63f4\u5f15\u7684\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u7bc4\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5b87\u5b99\u5927\u706b\uff08\u1f14\u03ba\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2\uff09\u6216\u897f\u585e\u7f85\uff08Cicero\uff09\u5c0d\u5360\u535c\u7684\u96a8\u7b46\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u529b\u5730\u89e3\u91cb\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u5728\u4fe1\u5f92\u8eab\u4e0a\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u8f49\u5316\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u5c0d\u555f\u793a\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8a18\u8ff0\u5fb7\u723e\u6590\u57ce\uff08Delphi\uff09\u7684\u795e\u8aed\u6642\uff0c\u662f\u5c07\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u63cf\u7e6a\u70ba\u5730\u8868\u7684\u84b8\u6c23\u6216\u5fae\u98a8\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5ba3\u8b1b\u6642\u5728\u8a71\u8a9e\u4e2d\u6d41\u52d5\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u66f4\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u5f88\u5c11\u89f8\u53ca\u7336\u592a\u7d93\u5178\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u63cf\u5beb\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u662f\u65e2\u5177\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u3002\u4ed6\u5217\u8209\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u90a3\u964d\u81e8\u5728\u773e\u9577\u8001\u8eab\u4e0a\u3001\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u7ba1\u6cbb\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u300c\u9748\u300d\uff08\u6c11\u5341\u4e0025\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4f46\u4ee5\u7406\u88cf\u982d\u90a3\u4f7f\u4eba\u6709\u667a\u6167\u7684\u300c\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u9748\u300d\uff08\u4f46\u4e9412\uff0c\u548c\u5408\u672c\u4f5c\u300c\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u9748\u6027\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u50ac\u8feb\u4ee5\u5229\u6236\u5410\u9732\u667a\u6167\u4e4b\u8a00\u7684\u300c\u9748\u300d\uff08\u4f2f\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c18-20\uff09\u3002\u6b7b\u6d77\u53e4\u5377\u4e5f\u63cf\u7e6a\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u9748\u8f49\u5316\u4e26\u6388\u4e88\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u7fa4\u9ad4\u3002\u5c0d\u5229\u7dad\u68ee\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8207\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7336\u592a\u601d\u60f3\u9ad4\u7cfb\u624d\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u3001\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u80cc\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u66ab\u4e14\u6487\u958b\u5229\u7dad\u68ee\u90a3\u932f\u5c07\u7336\u592a\u6559\u8207\u5e0c\u81d8\u7f85\u99ac\u4e16\u754c\u5272\u88c2\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\uff08\u53c3\u4ea8\u683c\u723e\u8457\u300a\u7336\u592a\u6559\u8207\u5e0c\u81d8\u5316\u300b\u3014Martin Hengel, <em>Judaism and Hellenism<\/em>\u3015\uff0c\u8a72\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u7121\u6cd5\u5c07\u7336\u592a\u6559\u8207\u5176\u5468\u906d\u6587\u5316\u5206\u5272\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u53ef\u9867\u53ca\u5229\u7dad\u68ee\u7684\u7591\u616e\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u53c8\u4fdd\u7559\u7269\u8cea\u89c0\u7684\u6d1e\u898b\u3002\u5728\u6574\u500b\u5e0c\u81d8\u5316\u4e16\u754c\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7336\u592a\u5730\u5340\uff09\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u7562\u7adf\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5171\u901a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002\u50cf\u4fdd\u7f85\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5e0c\u81d8\u5316\u7336\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u80fd\u8f15\u6613\u5c07\u7336\u592a\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684<em>ruach<\/em>\uff08\u548c\u5408\u672c\u8b6f\u4f5c\u300c\u9748\u300d\uff0c\u6307\u795e\u6eff\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u8ce6\u4e88\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6c23\uff09\uff0c\u8207\u7576\u4ee3\u91ab\u5b78\u754c\u8996\u666e\u7d10\u746a\uff08<em>pneuma<\/em>\uff0c\u6216\u8b6f\u300c\u6c23\u300d\uff09\u70ba\u8ce6\u4e88\u6d3b\u529b\u3001\u5177\u5f62\u9ad4\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u9019\u7a2e\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u878d\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u82e5\u63a1\u7d0d\u300c\u91ab\u5b78\u4e0a\u300d\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u5e0c\u81d8\u6587\u5316\u300d\u800c\u6368\u68c4\u300c\u7336\u592a\u6587\u5316\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u6d41\u901a\u7684\u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4eba\u53ef\u85c9\u6b64\u7528\u7269\u7406\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u7336\u592a\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u61c9\u5229\u7dad\u68ee\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u7d66\u4e88\u4e00\u500b\u4ee4\u4eba\u6eff\u610f\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\uff1a<b>\u4fdd\u7f85\u7b46\u4e0b\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u53ea\u662f\u6e90\u81ea\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6e90\u65bc\u7336\u592a\u795e\u5b78\u8207\u53e4\u4ee3\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u4e16\u754c\u5ee3\u6cdb\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u91ab\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u5169\u8005\u7684\u878d\u5408<\/b>\u2015\u2015\u9019\u8207\u6590\u7f85\uff08Philo\uff09\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5225\u7121\u4e8c\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u7d9c\u8ad6\uff1a\u95dc\u9375\u4f55\u5728\uff1f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p 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align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5168\u76e4\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u4ed6\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\u9808\u6ce8\u610f\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8a6e\u91cb\u65b9\u5f0f\u904e\u5ea6\u5f37\u8abf\u5176\u8207\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5ef6\u7e8c\u6027\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5145\u5206\u8003\u616e\u4fdd\u7f85\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u5177\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7279\u8cea\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u57fa\u7763\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5fb9\u5e95\u5d84\u65b0\u3002\u5c0d\u7d30\u5fc3\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7372\u53d6\u6700\u900f\u5fb9\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u9014\u5f91\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u6b63\u5728\u65bc\u6301\u5b88\u9019\u7a2e\u5f35\u529b\uff1a\u65e2\u77e5\u9053\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u8a9e\u5883\u4e2d\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u542b\u610f\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u627f\u8a8d\u5176\u5728\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5177\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u8a8d\u771f\u5c0d\u5f85\u9019\u5834\u8faf\u8ad6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6b64\u5fc5\u9808\u6f84\u6e05\uff1a\u8981\u5f9e\u9019\u5834\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7372\u76ca\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7121\u9808\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u5fc5\u65b7\u8a00\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u4fe1\u5f92\uff08\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u5f9e\u672a\u5982\u6b64\u8981\u6c42\uff09\u3002\u8eab\u70ba\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u82e5\u91cd\u8996\u795e\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\uff08\u5728\u9019\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5373\u4fdd\u7f85\u5be6\u969b\u8aaa\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u4fdd\u6301\u958b\u653e\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\u6216\u6df1\u5316\u3002\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u6216\u8a31\u4e26\u975e\u5168\u7136\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u503c\u5f97\u56b4\u8085\u601d\u8003\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1a<b>\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5c0e\u81f4\u6211\u5011\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4fdd\u7f85\u539f\u672c\u60f3\u8981\u50b3\u9054\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u9762\u5411\uff1f<\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u7ffb\u8b6f\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u6642\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u97f3\u8b6f\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u771f\u5c0d\u5f85\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9019\u6c92\u6709\u5f37\u8feb\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u537b\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u505c\u4e0b\u4f86\u554f\uff1a\u300c\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u6b64\u4f7f\u7528\u300e\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300f\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u6307\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d\u9019\u7a2e\u597d\u767c\u554f\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u529b\u6c42\u66f4\u5fe0\u65bc\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u795e\u7684\u555f\u793a\u6216\u6bd4\u6211\u5011\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u66f4\u70ba\u8c50\u5bcc\u6df1\u9083\uff0c\u4e26\u5bb9\u8a31\u8056\u7d93\u6587\u672c\u6311\u6230\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u55ae\u55ae\u7528\u4f86\u5370\u8b49\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u4ee5\u70ba\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\u7684\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u6642\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u97f3\u8b6f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5177\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u76f8\u7576\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u8ab0\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u807d\u773e\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u5e0c\u81d8\u7f85\u99ac\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u53ca\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u793e\u7fa4\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u6240\u8655\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff08\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u91ab\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u76db\u884c\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff09\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u807d\u773e\u5c0d\u300c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u9060\u6bd4\u73fe\u4ee3\u8b80\u8005\u66f4\u8cbc\u8fd1\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u7684\u8c50\u5bcc\u6587\u5316\u5167\u6db5\u3002<b>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5c0d\u65bc\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6642\u63a1\u7528\u97f3\u8b6f\uff08\u300c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300d\uff09\u800c\u4e0d\u610f\u8b6f\u4f5c\u300c\u9748\u300d\uff0c\u66f4\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u907f\u514d\u6642\u4ee3\u932f\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u5fe0\u5be6\u5730\u9818\u6703\u4fdd\u7f85\u60f3\u8981\u50b3\u9054\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u7e3d\u7d50<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u8aaa\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u6642\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u97f3\u8b6f\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u61f6\u60f0\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u8ff4\u907f\u8b6f\u8005\u7684\u8077\u8cac\uff1b\u9019\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u6df1\u5730\u5fe0\u65bc\u539f\u6587\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3002\u9019\u6fc0\u52f5\u6211\u5011\u6301\u7e8c\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u8b93\u4fdd\u7f85\u89aa\u81ea\u5411\u6211\u5011\u95e1\u660e\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u7684\u771f\u7fa9\u3002\u5728\u9019\u6bb5\u63a2\u7d22\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u50c5\u66f4\u6df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u4fdd\u7f85\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u6df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u90a3\u4f4d\u900f\u904e\u4ed6\u5411\u4eba\u8aaa\u8a71\u7684\u795e\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"right\"><b>\uff08\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff1a\u9673\u79c0\u5a9a\uff09<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Rethinking <em>Pneuma<\/em> in Paul<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000When the Apostle Paul wrote \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1, what did he have in mind? For most modern readers, the answer seems straightforward: human or holy spirit, that is, the Third Person of the Trinity, a divine agent of comfort, conviction, and power. This theological reading is so natural that it feels obvious, and it is almost instinctive to readers and translators. <em><strong>But recently, this translation has been challenged. This article seeks to discuss what those objections are and explore the possibility of translating \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1 differently. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000The history of modern scholarship shows a persistent tension between theological and historical approaches. In the early 20th century, Hermann Gunkel proposed dichotomies that separated Pauline <em>pneuma<\/em> from its Old Testament and Hellenistic Jewish roots and framed it as \u201csupernatural\u201d versus natural. This move proved to be influential as this framework was adopted by important figures like Rudolf Bultmann and Ernst K\u00e4semann, whose deeply Lutheran readings further solidified a \u201cspiritualizing\u201d interpretation that prioritized inner, subjective religious experience. In this stream of scholarship, <em>pneuma<\/em> became synonymous with the inner life of faith, often at the expense of its cosmic and corporeal dimensions.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000At the end of the 20th century, a significant corrective emerged, with scholars who insisted on a more historically grounded, \u201cphysicalist\u201d reading. <em><strong>Dale Martin\u2019s<\/strong><\/em> <em>The Corinthian Body<\/em> (1995) was groundbreaking, showing how Paul\u2019s audience understood bodies and spirits within a holistic ancient cosmology where the physical and spiritual were intertwined. <em><strong>Troels Engberg-Pedersen<\/strong><\/em> then argued in <em>Cosmology and Self in the Apostle Paul<\/em> (2010) for reading Pauline <em>pneuma<\/em> through a Stoic lens, as the cosmic, intelligent \u201cbreath\u201d that constitutes and unifies all matter. These works represent a major shift, taking Paul\u2019s materialism seriously. This means setting aside our post-Cartesian idea of \u201cspirit\u201d as a non-material, private feeling, and recovering the ancient, concrete understanding of <em>pneuma<\/em> as a physical substance. For these scholars, the most helpful key to this recovery is Stoic philosophy, the dominant intellectual framework of Paul\u2019s Greco-Roman world.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Why a Stoic, Material <em>Pneuma<\/em>? <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000For the Stoics, <em>pneuma<\/em> is not a ghost or immaterial being. It is the cosmic life-force, an intelligent mixture of air and fire that permeates and structures the universe. It is the tension in a rope, the growth in a plant, the rational mind of a human, and the substance of the stars. This <em>pneuma<\/em> is divine, rational, and utterly material. It constitutes a hierarchy of being, from dense rocks to rarified gods, with no unbridgeable chasm between the physical and the divine.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Engberg-Pedersen argues that Paul\u2019s audiences\u2014Jew and Gentile alike\u2014breathed this intellectual air. When Paul spoke of <em>pneuma<\/em>, they would have heard echoes of this cosmic, animating substance. <em><strong>The automatic translation of pneuma as a disembodied \u201cSpirit\u201d is therefore an anachronism, importing a modern mind\/body dualism that would have been foreign to Paul. <\/strong><\/em>To read him correctly, Engberg-Pedersen contends, we must take his physical language literally: <em> pneuma<\/em> is a stuff that can be poured, drunk, and infused; it transforms the believer from the inside out via a tangible, physiological reality.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<em><strong>Viewing pneuma through this Stoic, materialist lens dramatically reshapes how we read familiar passages. <\/strong><\/em> Consider first Paul\u2019s discussion of the resurrection body in<em><strong> 1 Corinthians 15:44-45<\/strong><\/em>. Here Paul contrasts the \u201cnatural body\u201d (\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd) sown in death with the \u201cspiritual body\u201d (\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd) raised in life, culminating in his striking declaration that the risen Christ became a \u201clife-giving <em>pneuma<\/em>.\u201d The conventional reading understands the \u201cspiritual body\u201d as a glorified, immortal body oriented by the Holy Spirit, with Christ either possessing the Spirit or being accompanied by him. But Engberg-Pedersen offers a different perspective by connecting this passage to Paul\u2019s earlier mention of heavenly bodies like the sun and moon in 1 Corinthians 15:40-41. He argues that for Paul, a \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd is a body actually made of <em>pneuma<\/em>-stuff, analogous to the Stoic understanding of stars as composed of this refined, divine substance. Thus Christ, as the \u201clast Adam,\u201d has not merely received the Spirit; rather, his resurrected mode of existence is <em>pneuma<\/em> itself. He becomes the source of that life-giving, material substance that will ultimately reconstitute believers. In this reading, resurrection is not merely a restoration of life but a physical transformation into an entirely new, pneumatic order of being.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000A second example comes from <em><strong>Romans 5:5<\/strong><\/em>, where Paul writes that \u201cGod\u2019s love has been poured out into our hearts through the Holy Spirit (<em>pneuma<\/em>) who has been given to us\u201d (NIV). The conventional reading takes this as a beautiful metaphor for the internal, emotional assurance of God\u2019s love provided by the Holy Spirit. But the materialist reading reveals something more literal. Following ancient medical theories known as Pneumatism, pneuma was understood as an external substance drawn into the body through breathing, processed by the heart, and then channeled through the arteries to govern thoughts and actions. When Paul speaks of <em>pneuma<\/em> being \u201cpoured into our hearts,\u201d he may be describing an actual physiological process: the divine <em>pneuma<\/em> is literally infused into the cardiac centre of the believer, physically altering his\/her constitution and enabling him\/her to act in accordance with God\u2019s love. The change, in this view, is simultaneously cognitive and corporeal\u2014a transformation of the whole person, inside and out.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Scholarly Pushback: Two Major Critiques<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000While this view is gaining momentum, this materialist thesis has faced criticism from other leading scholars. John Barclay and John Levison pinpoint two major tensions in Engberg-Pedersen\u2019s proposal.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<em><strong>Barclay <\/strong><\/em>argues that Engberg-Pedersen\u2019s model, for all its philosophical precision, misses the core of Paul\u2019s theology: the radical, disruptive newness of the Christ event. For Paul, the <em>pneuma<\/em> is not a pre-existing cosmic substance simply transferred from heaven to earth. It is an unprecedented, eschatological entity unleashed by Christ\u2019s resurrection, a \u201cnew creation\u201d (2 Cor 5:17). Regarding 1 Corinthians 15, Barclay disputes the claim that \u201cheavenly bodies\u201d such as the sun, moon, and stars are explicitly called \u201cpneumatic.\u201d Paul\u2019s point, he contends, is God\u2019s power to give each its own kind of body, not to outline a Stoic scala naturae or hierarchy of being. The \u201clife-giving <em>pneuma<\/em>\u201d in verse 45 is the power of resurrection itself, not a higher-grade cosmic material. To reduce it to Stoic physics, Barclay warns, is to turn the resurrection into a mere \u201creordering of already-existing cosmic elements.\u201d<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000However, it is important to avoid imposing modern, dualist categories of \u201cspiritual vs. material\u201d onto Paul altogether. As such, to transliterate <em>pneuma<\/em> is precisely a tool to suspend our theological assumptions long enough to hear Paul on his own terms. Using this tool, we can see that Paul describes the new life in Christ using the best available language of his day for a transformative power, namely, the language of a divine, life-altering substance. This does not require us to claim that Paul was a Stoic or that the <em>pneuma<\/em> is \u201cjust\u201d medical <em>pneuma<\/em>. It simply asserts that this was the conceptual tool Paul employed to articulate the very ineffable newness that Barclay wants to protect. The \u201cnewness\u201d resides in the salvific action of God in Christ; the mechanism of description, however, is the contemporary materialist framework of the first-century world.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<em><strong>Levison<\/strong><\/em>, for his part, agrees that <em>pneuma<\/em> has a concrete dimension but charges Engberg-Pedersen with a selective and sometimes strained use of Stoicism, while neglecting the richer parallels in Paul\u2019s Jewish heritage. He raises two specific concerns. First, the Stoic models Engberg-Pedersen employs, such as the cosmic conflagration (\u1f14\u03ba\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2) or a passing comment from Cicero on divination, do not convincingly explain the ongoing, transformative work of <em>pneuma<\/em> in believers. Meanwhile, actual Stoic accounts of inspiration, such as those describing the oracle at Delphi, portray<em> pneuma<\/em> as a terrestrial vapor or breeze, not as a substance flowing through preached words. Second, and more centrally, Levison points to the dearth of engagement with Jewish texts where <em>pneuma<\/em> is also depicted as both concrete and cognitive. He cites the \u201cspirit\u201d placed upon the elders to govern (Nm 11:25), the \u201cexcellent spirit\u201d of wisdom in Daniel (Dn 5:12), and the spirit that besieges Elihu, forcing out wise speech (Jb 32:18-20). The Dead Sea Scrolls, too, present a community transformed and granted knowledge by the spirit. For Levison, this Jewish matrix provides a more direct and likely foreground for Paul\u2019s thinking than an abstracted Stoic physics.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Setting aside Levison\u2019s misguided dichotomy of Judaism and the Greco-Roman world (see Hengel\u2019s Judaism and Hellenism, which has become a scholarly consensus; one cannot separate Judaism from its surrounding culture), there is a way to honor Levison\u2019s concerns while retaining materialist insight. Medicine, after all, was a shared cultural vernacular across the Hellenistic world, including Judea. A Hellenistic Jew like Paul could easily integrate the Jewish concept of <em>ruach<\/em> (understood as God\u2019s powerful, life-giving breath) with contemporary medical understandings of <em>pneuma<\/em> as an animating bodily substance. To argue for a \u201cmedical\u201d <em>pneuma<\/em>, then, is not to choose \u201cGreek\u201d over \u201cJewish.\u201d Rather, it is to identify the common intellectual currency through which Jewish theological concepts could be understood in physical terms. This provides a more satisfying answer to Levison\u2019s critique: <em><strong>the physicality of pneuma in Paul needs not come exclusively from Stoic philosophy. It could just as plausibly emerge from the synthesis of Jewish theology and the widespread biomedical concepts that permeated the ancient Mediterranean world<\/strong><\/em>, not dissimilar from what Philo did in his work.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Synthesis: What Is at Stake? <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Here we must acknowledge that <em>pneuma<\/em> may indeed carry Stoic connotations. Engberg-Pedersen correctly observes that for Paul\u2019s first-century audience, the word <em>pneuma <\/em>would have evoked a material, cosmic, life-giving substance. Yet we must also attend to the limits of Engberg-Pedersen\u2019s argument. The <em>pneuma<\/em> in Paul\u2019s letters is not merely Stoic cosmic matter. Certain passages attribute unmistakably personal actions to <em>pneuma<\/em>: it \u201cintercedes for us with groanings too deep for words\u201d (Rom 8:26 NABS); it \u201capportions to each one individually as he wills\u201d (1 Cor 12:11 ESV); it can be \u201cgrieved\u201d (Eph 4:30). These are not things that a mere material \u201csubstance\u201d can do; they imply a person with emotions, will, and relational capacity. To reduce <em>pneuma<\/em> entirely to Stoic matter is to miss this crucial personal dimension in Paul\u2019s theology.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Thus, Engberg-Pedersen\u2019s thesis requires correction, not wholesale acceptance. He rightly alerts us to the material dimension of <em>pneuma<\/em>, but his model overemphasizes Stoic continuity and fails to fully account for the personhood Paul attributes to <em>pneuma<\/em> and the radical newness introduced by the Christ event. For careful readers, the path to the richest understanding may lie precisely in holding this tension: recognizing the concrete, material connotations of <em>pneuma<\/em> in its ancient context while also acknowledging its personal role in Paul\u2019s letters.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Taking the Debate Seriously<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000An important clarification is necessary here: we need not fully accept Engberg-Pedersen\u2019s thesis, nor must we claim that Paul was a Stoic, in order to benefit from this discussion (in fact, Engberg-Pedersen never made such a claim). As Christians, if we care about God\u2019s word, in this case what Paul actually said, we must remain open to the possibility that our understanding of <em>pneuma<\/em> may be incomplete and need correction or enrichment. Engberg-Pedersen\u2019s argument may not be entirely correct, but he has raised a question worth taking seriously: <em><strong>Have our modern cultural assumptions caused us to miss certain dimensions of what Paul originally intended to communicate? <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Transliterating <em>pneuma<\/em> is precisely the tool that helps us take this question seriously. It does not force us to accept any particular conclusion, but rather creates a space where we can pause and ask: \u201cWhat did Paul mean when he used the word <em>pneuma<\/em> here?\u201d This questioning is an act of greater faithfulness to Scripture. It acknowledges that God\u2019s revelation may be richer and deeper than we have yet understood, and it allows the biblical text to challenge us rather than merely confirming what we already think we know.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000It is worth noting that this practice of transliterating pneuma is particularly compelling in the case of Paul\u2019s letters. This is because we can identify with reasonable specificity both Paul\u2019s audience (communities of Jews and Gentiles in the first-century Greco-Roman world) and his historical context (a period when Stoicism and medical theories were prevalent). In this particular historical setting, Paul\u2019s listeners would have understood <em>pneuma<\/em> in ways far closer to the word\u2019s rich cultural connotations than modern readers do. <em><strong>Therefore, at least in the case of Paul\u2019s letters, using the transliteration pneuma rather than translating it as \u201cSpirit\u201d can better help us avoid anachronism and more faithfully hear what Paul intended to communicate. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000In the end, transliterating <em>pneuma<\/em> is not an act of laziness or an evasion of the translator\u2019s task. It is an expression of deeper faithfulness to the text. It invites us into an ongoing exploration, allowing Paul himself to tell us what his <em>pneuma<\/em> truly means. In the course of this exploration, we come to know better not only Paul but also the God who spoke through him.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u85cd\u5fd7\u63da<\/h4>\n\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u80b2\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388<h4>Chi-yeung Lam<\/h4>\nAssistant Professor of Christian Education\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u8d85\u8d8a\u300c\u9810\u8a2d\u300d\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u99ac\u5927\u3001\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\u9700\u8981\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u7d04\u7ff0\u798f\u97f3\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\u8a18\u8f09\u4e86\u62c9\u6492\u8def\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u795e\u8e5f\u3002\u7d93\u6587\u8a18\u8f09\u8036\u7a4c\u548c\u9580\u5f92\u4f86\u5230\u4f2f\u5927\u5c3c\u6642\uff0c\u62c9\u6492\u8def\u5df2\u7d93\u5b89\u846c\u56db\u65e5\uff0c\u89aa\u53cb\u5f9e\u5404\u5730\u8d95\u4f86\u6170\u554f\u3002\u99ac\u5927\u807d\u898b\u8036\u7a4c\u5230\u4f86\uff0c\u5c31\u6025\u5fd9\u51fa\u6751\u8fce\u63a5\uff1b\u7576\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\u898b\u5230\u8036\u7a4c\uff0c\u5c31\u4fef\u4f0f\u5728\u7942\u8173\u524d\uff0c\u54ed\u8457\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u4e3b\u554a\uff0c\u4f60\u82e5\u65e9\u5728\u9019\u88cf\uff0c\u6211\u5144\u5f1f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u6b7b\u3002\u300d\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u8207\u99ac\u5927\u5148\u524d\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u5982\u51fa\u4e00\u8f4d\uff0c\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u5c0d\u8036\u7a4c\u300c\u9072\u4f86\u300d\u7684\u907a\u61be\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u99ac\u5927\u548c\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\u6df1\u4fe1\u8036\u7a4c\u80fd\u91ab\u6cbb\u91cd\u75c5\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u5011\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u537b\u505c\u7559\u5728\u300c\u6709\u9650\u5fa9\u6d3b\u300d\u7684\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u672a\u66fe\u60f3\u904e\u8036\u7a4c\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u672b\u65e5\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u53eb\u4e00\u4f4d\u5df2\u6b7b\u56db\u65e5\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u767c\u81ed\u7684\u4eba\u5fa9\u6d3b\u3002\u5979\u5011\u70ba\u8036\u7a4c\u8a2d\u4e0b\u6642\u9593\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u65e9\u5230\u300d\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u300c\u73fe\u5728\u300d\u5df2\u7d93\u592a\u9072\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5\u67d0\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u8036\u7a4c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u99ac\u5927\u548c\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\u4e26\u975e\u6c92\u6709\u807d\u805e\u904e\u6b7b\u4eba\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u4e8b\u8e5f\u3002\u820a\u7d04\u88cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u5229\u4e9e\u548c\u4ee5\u5229\u6c99\u90fd\u66fe\u4f7f\u6b7b\u4eba\u5fa9\u6d3b\uff1b\u65b0\u7d04\u88cf\uff0c\u8036\u7a4c\u4e5f\u66fe\u4f7f\u775a\u9b6f\u7684\u5973\u5152\u548c\u62ff\u56e0\u57ce\u5be1\u5a66\u7684\u5152\u5b50\u5fa9\u6d3b\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u8036\u7a4c\u7684\u646f\u53cb\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u7406\u61c9\u77e5\u9053\u8036\u7a4c\u64c1\u6709\u8d85\u8d8a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u5927\u80fd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7576\u82e6\u96e3\u81e8\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bb6\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u5c31\u9677\u5165\u8ca0\u9762\u601d\u7dad\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u9072\u4f86\u300d\u7b49\u65bc\u300c\u7121\u53ef\u80fd\u3001\u7121\u6cd5\u9006\u8f49\u300d\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u78ba\u662f\u4e16\u4eba\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u3002\u6216\u8a31\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\u4e5f\u66fe\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8a2d\u9650\uff1a\u300c\u5982\u679c\u65e9\u4e00\u9ede\u2026\u2026\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5982\u679c\u7576\u6642\u2026\u2026\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u60f3\u6cd5\u5f80\u5f80\u6e90\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6301\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u300c\u9810\u8a2d\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u5718\u5951\u8207\u57f9\u80b2\u97cc\u6027<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u62c9\u6492\u8def\u6700\u7d42\u5947\u5999\u5730\u5fa9\u6d3b\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u795e\u8e5f\u7562\u7adf\u662f\u7279\u4f8b\u3002\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u9084\u662f\u8981\u9762\u5c0d\u89aa\u53cb\u96e2\u4e16\u5f8c\u7684\u6f2b\u9577\u6b72\u6708\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u54c0\u50b7\u4e2d\u7e7c\u7e8c\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u300c\u793e\u6703\u60c5\u7dd2\u9078\u64c7\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08\u5982\u75ab\u60c5\u3001\u707d\u96e3\uff09\uff0c\u5fc3\u614b\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u986f\u8457\u8f49\u8b8a\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u5c07\u751f\u6d3b\u7126\u9ede\u8f49\u5411\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c0d\u60c5\u611f\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u50be\u5411\u8207\u89aa\u5bc6\u7684\u89aa\u53cb\u4e92\u52d5\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u770b\u4f3c\u7e2e\u5c0f\u4e86\u793e\u4ea4\u5708\u5b50\uff0c\u5be6\u5247\u5f37\u5316\u4e86\u60c5\u611f\u652f\u63f4\u7684\u7d20\u8cea\u548c\u6df1\u5ea6\u3002\u9019\u89c0\u9ede\u8207\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7fa4\u9ad4\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<b>\u6709\u6df1\u5ea6\u7684\u5718\u5951\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5fc3\u7406\u97cc\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u990a\u5206\u3002\u7576\u6211\u5011\u5728\u6559\u6703\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u7dad\u6301\u8868\u9762\u7684\u5bd2\u6684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u751f\u547d\u8207\u751f\u547d\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u9023\u7d50\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u652f\u63f4\u7cfb\u7d71\u5c31\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u98a8\u66b4\u4e2d\u6210\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u907f\u96e3\u6240\u3002<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u79b1\u544a\u8207\u751f\u547d\u97cc\u6027<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u9805\u91dd\u5c0d\u7f8e\u570b\u6162\u6027\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u9577\u9054\u516d\u5e74\u7684\u8ffd\u8e64\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u79b1\u544a\u8207\u751f\u5b58\u97cc\u6027\u7684\u95dc\u806f\u3002<sup>*<\/sup> \u5728\u63a7\u5236\u591a\u9805\u8b8a\u6578\u5f8c\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u6bcf\u65e5\u4f5c\u79c1\u79b1\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\uff0c\u516d\u5e74\u5f8c\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7387\u986f\u8457\u9ad8\u65bc\u4e0d\u5e38\u7948\u79b1\u8005\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5176\u4e2d\u78ba\u5207\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u4ecd\u9700\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u54e1\u63a8\u65b7\uff0c\u79b1\u544a\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u300c\u5e0c\u671b\u611f\u300d\u662f\u95dc\u9375\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7576\u4fe1\u5f92\u5728\u79b1\u544a\u4e2d\u6301\u7e8c\u5c07\u96e3\u4ee5\u638c\u63a7\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff08\u5982\u75c5\u60c5\uff09\u4ea4\u8a17\u7d66\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u9019\u91cd\u8907\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u548c\u4ea4\u8a17\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u5e36\u4f86\u5fc3\u9748\u7684\u5e73\u5b89\u548c\u91cb\u653e\u3002\u5f9e\u751f\u7406\u5c64\u9762\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u6709\u52a9\u6e1b\u5c11\u58d3\u529b\u8377\u723e\u8499\u7684\u5206\u6ccc\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u5c0d\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u8ca0\u9762\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u9019\u6b63\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u79b1\u544a\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u5c6c\u9748\u7684\u64cd\u7df4\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5168\u4eba\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3002<b>\u5728\u79b1\u544a\u88cf\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u627f\u8a8d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u540c\u6642\u7d93\u6b77\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7121\u9650\u548c\u540c\u5728\u3002<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u773c\u52d5\u6cbb\u7642<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u9664\u4e86\u5718\u5951\u548c\u79b1\u544a\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u5efa\u7acb\u60c5\u7dd2\u97cc\u6027\u7684\u5be6\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u300c\u773c\u52d5\u8eab\u5fc3\u91cd\u5efa\u6cd5\u300d\uff08Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing\uff0c\u7c21\u7a31EMDR\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u7c21\u7a31\u300c\u773c\u52d5\u6cbb\u7642\u300d\u3002\u82e5\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u8ac7\u8ad6\u773c\u52d5\u6cbb\u7642\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u6703\u5f15\u8d77\u8aa4\u89e3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6cbb\u7642\u6642\uff0c\u6cbb\u7642\u5e2b\u7684\u624b\u6307\u5728\u60a3\u8005\u773c\u524d\u5de6\u53f3\u79fb\u52d5\uff0c\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u6709\u4e9b\u50cf\u6c11\u9593\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u65bd\u6cd5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u5957\u7642\u6cd5\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u5176\u5be6\u975e\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u5316\uff1a\u5275\u59cb\u4eba\u590f\u76ae\u7f85\uff08Francine Shapiro\uff09\u5728\u516c\u5712\u6563\u6b65\u6642\uff0c\u7121\u610f\u9593\u767c\u73fe\u7576\u773c\u775b\u96a8\u8457\u666f\u7269\u5de6\u53f3\u898f\u5f8b\u904b\u52d5\u5f8c\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ca0\u9762\u60c5\u7dd2\u7adf\u660e\u986f\u6e1b\u5c11\u4e86\u3002\u96a8\u5f8c\uff0c\u5979\u5c55\u958b\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u81e8\u5e8a\u6e2c\u8a66\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u5957\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u9010\u6f38\u7372\u5f97\u91ab\u5b78\u754c\u80af\u5b9a\u3002\u9019\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u500b\u5be6\u7528\u7684\u555f\u767c\uff1a\u7576\u4f60\u767c\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u9677\u5165\u8ca0\u9762\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u50cf\u99ac\u5927\u548c\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\u90a3\u6a23\u88ab\u54c0\u50b7\u7c60\u7f69\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u59a8\u6548\u6cd5\u590f\u76ae\u7f85\uff0c\u5230\u516c\u5712\u6563\u6563\u6b65\uff0c\u8b93\u773c\u775b\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u5de6\u53f3\u8f49\u52d5\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u5169\u65c1\u7684\u98a8\u666f\u3002\u9019\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\u5c0d\u8212\u7de9\u60c5\u7dd2\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u6240\u5e6b\u52a9\u3002\uff08\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u82e5\u767c\u73fe\u60c5\u7dd2\u554f\u984c\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u56b4\u91cd\uff0c\u5c31\u52d9\u5fc5\u5c0b\u6c42\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u8f14\u5c0e\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u300c\u97cc\u6027\u300d\u4e00\u8a5e\u8fd1\u5e74\u5099\u53d7\u95dc\u6ce8\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u5167\u5730\u8b7d\u70ba2025\u5e74\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u8a5e\u3002\u9019\u53cd\u6620\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u6b63\u8eab\u8655\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u5916\u5728\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u5167\u5fc3\u7126\u616e\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f71\u97ff\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u53ca\u7fa4\u9ad4\u5354\u4f5c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5fc3\u5e95\u88cf\u6e34\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u53d7\u5236\u65bc\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5411\u524d\u9081\u9032\u3002\u56de\u9867\u62c9\u6492\u8def\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u99ac\u5927\u548c\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\u898b\u8b49\u4e86\u8d85\u8d8a\u5979\u5011\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u795e\u8e5f\u3002<b>\u9858\u6211\u5011\u5728\u5718\u5951\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u79b1\u544a\u7684\u64cd\u7df4\u4e2d\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u5efa\u7acb\u8eab\u5fc3\u9748\u7684\u97cc\u6027\u3002<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>*<\/sup> Gail Ironson and Salman Shaheen Ahmad, \u201cFrequency of Private Prayer Predicts Survival Over 6 Years in a Nationwide U.S. Sample of Individuals with a Chronic Illness,\u201d <em>Journal of Religion and Health<\/em> 63.4 (August 2024): 2910-2923\u3014\u7db2\u4e0a\u6587\u7ae0\u3015\uff1b\u53d6\u81eaSpringer Nature Link\u7db2\u9801\uff08https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-023-01870-z\uff09\uff1b\u700f\u89bd\u65bc2026\u5e743\u67081\u65e5\u3002<p><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>God is beyond Our \u201cAssumptions\u201d <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000What did Martha and Mary need? <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000John 11 records the miracle of Lazarus\u2019 resurrection. By the time Jesus and His disciples arrived in Bethany, Lazarus had already been in the tomb for four days, and relatives and friends had gathered to offer their condolences. When Martha heard of Jesus\u2019 coming, she hurried out of the village to meet Him. When Mary saw Jesus, she fell at His feet and wept, saying, \u201cLord, if You had been here, my brother would not have died.\u201d These words echoed Martha\u2019s earlier statement, expressing sorrow over what seemed to be Jesus\u2019 \u201cdelayed arrival.\u201d <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000Martha and Mary were convinced that Jesus could heal serious illnesses, though their understanding of resurrection was limited. They never imagined that Jesus could raise someone before the last day, even one who had been dead for four days and whose body had already begun to decay. They assumed there was a time limit to His power, believing healing was possible only if He had arrived \u201cearly,\u201d and that \u201cnow\u201d was already too late. In this way, their thinking reveals they perceived Jesus\u2019 power to be restricted in this way. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000However, Martha and Mary were familiar with the stories of resurrection. In the Old Testament, Elijah and Elisha raise the dead; in the New Testament, Jesus raises Jairus\u2019 daughter and the widow\u2019s son at Nain. As close friends of Jesus, they surely knew that He possessed power over death. However, when suffering struck their own family, in their grief, they fell into a negative mindset, believing that \u201cdelayed\u201d meant \u201cimpossible\u201d or \u201cirreversible.\u201d That is a very human response. Perhaps, in our own struggles, we too assume limits to God: \u201cIf only it happened sooner \u2026\u201d or \u201cIf only we had acted back then \u2026\u201d These thoughts often stem from certain \u201cassumptions\u201d we hold about God. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Fellowship and Resilience<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000Lazarus was miraculously raised from the dead, but after all, this event is an exception. In everyday life, most people must endure the long years that follow the loss of loved ones and seek ways to continue despite their grief. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000The Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) suggests that when individuals encounter major life events\u2014such as a pandemic or natural disaster\u2014their mindset may undergo a significant shift: they refocus on emotionally meaningful behaviors and tend to deepen ties with close friends and family. While this selective social pattern may appear to narrow one\u2019s social circle, it actually enhances the quality and depth of emotional support. This dynamic closely parallels the experience of faith communities. <em><strong>A meaningful fellowship life is precisely what nourishes psychological resilience. When we go beyond superficial small talk and build genuine, heart-to-heart connections in church, this support system becomes our refuge in the storm of life. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Prayer and Resilience<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000A six-year longitudinal study of patients with chronic illnesses in the United States revealed a positive link between prayer and resilience. <sup>*<\/sup> After controlling for a range of variables, the study found that patients who engaged in daily private prayer had a significantly higher survival rate than those who prayed less frequently. Although the mechanism requires further investigation, researchers suggested that the \u201csense of hope\u201d derived from prayer may play a key role. When believers consistently entrust matters beyond their control\u2014such as illness\u2014to God in prayer, this repeated affirmation and entrustment foster peace and consolation. Physiologically, such practices help lower stress hormone levels, thereby reducing negative health impacts. This reminds us that prayer is not only a spiritual discipline but also the foundation of holistic well-being. <em><strong>In prayer, we admit our own limits while simultaneously experiencing God\u2019s infinite power and presence. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000In addition to fellowship and prayer, modern psychology has developed practical methods for fostering emotional resilience, such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). If we talked about EMDR twenty years ago, it might be misunderstood, because during the therapy, the therapist moves his or her fingers back and forth in front of the patient\u2019s eyes, somewhat like a ritual performed in folk religions. Yet its origins are simple: its founder, Francine Shapiro, was once taking a walk in the park when she accidentally discovered that as her eyes moved rhythmically from side to side, her negative emotions noticeably diminished. She subsequently conducted years of clinical trials, and this therapeutic approach has gradually gained recognition in the medical community. This offers us a practical insight: when you feel stuck in negative emotions\u2014or even overwhelmed by grief, as Martha and Mary were\u2014you might follow Shapiro\u2019s example and take a walk in the park, allowing your eyes to move naturally from side to side as you observe the scenery. Such a simple act may help ease your emotions. (Of course, if distress becomes severe, seek professional medical or psychological counseling.) <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000The term \u201cresilience\u201d has gained significant attention in recent years and topped the list of buzzwords of 2025 in mainland China. This reflects the reality that many people are navigating uncertain external environments, experiencing anxiety and unease that may impact both their personal lives and collective cooperation. Deep down, we long to break free from circumstantial constraints and continue moving forward. Reflecting on the story of Lazarus, Martha, and Mary, we find a miracle beyond their imaginations. <em><strong>May we cultivate resilience in mind, body, and spirit through fellowship and personal prayer, finding strength in God together. <\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>*<\/sup> Gail Ironson and Salman Shaheen Ahmad, \u201cFrequency of Private Prayer Predicts Survival Over 6 Years in a Nationwide U.S. Sample of Individuals with a Chronic Illness,\u201d <em>Journal of Religion and Health<\/em> 63.4 (August 2024): 2910-2923 [article online]; available from Springer Nature Link website (https: \/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-023-01870-z); accessed 1 March 2026.<p><!-- \/wp:post-content --><\/p><!-- \/wp:freeform --><\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u74a9\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388<\/p>\n<h4>Curie Qu<\/h4>\n<p>Assistant Professor of Christian Thought<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u4e09\u985e\u82e6\u7f6a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u6bcf\u7576\u4e16\u754c\u767c\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7fa4\u9ad4\u4e2d\u5c31\u5e38\u5e38\u6709\u4eba\u518d\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u795e\u6b63\u8ad6\uff08Theodicy\uff0c\u6216\u4f5c\uff1a\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\uff09\u4f86\u53cd\u8986\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u53d7\u707d\u60c5\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u9019\u985e\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5f80\u5f80\u593e\u96dc\u8457\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u96e3\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u5e73\u975c\u548c\u7406\u6027\u3002\u7576\u4eca\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u901a\u7570\u5e38\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u7a0d\u6709\u4e0d\u614e\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8868\u8ff0\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u89f8\u767c\u53d7\u707d\u7fa4\u9ad4\u53ca\u516c\u773e\u7684\u654f\u611f\u60c5\u7dd2\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u53cd\u601d\u3001\u8a0e\u8ad6\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u5148\u8981\u79b1\u544a\uff0c\u6c42\u795e\u8cdc\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u5fc3\u3001\u667a\u6167\u7684\u8166\u3001\u8b39\u614e\u7684\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5728\u795e\u7684\u5275\u9020\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b58\u5225\u51fa\u4e09\u985e\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u82e6\u7f6a\uff1a<strong>\uff081\uff09<\/strong><b>\u9053\u5fb7\u7f6a\u60e1\uff1a<\/b>\u4eba\u985e\u6feb\u7528\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u800c\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u5982\u5c60\u6bba\u3001\u5077\u7aca\u3001\u80cc\u53db\u7b49\uff1b<strong>\uff082\uff09<\/strong><b>\u81ea\u7136\u707d\u96e3\uff1a<\/b>\u4eba\u985e\u5373\u4f7f\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u6700\u597d\u7684\u9810\u9632\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u7684\u707d\u798d\uff0c\u5982\u5730\u9707\u3001\u706b\u707d\u3001\u8eca\u798d\u7b49\uff1b<strong>\uff083\uff09<\/strong><b>\u751f\u547d\u82e6\u75db\uff1a<\/b>\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u6e90\u65bc\u4eba\u70ba\u9084\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e78\u7e3d\u6703\u964d\u81e8\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u55aa\u89aa\u4e4b\u75db\u3001\u8eab\u9ad4\u6b98\u75be\u3001\u60c5\u7dd2\u6291\u9b31\u7b49\u3002\u9019\u4e09\u985e\u82e6\u7f6a\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u622a\u7136\u5206\u958b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f7c\u6b64\u91cd\u758a\uff0c\u4e92\u76f8\u4ea4\u7e54\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6311\u6230<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u9019\u4e9b\u82e6\u7f6a\u771f\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u89f8\u52d5\u6211\u5011\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3002\u4fe1\u5f92\u548c\u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f9e\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u6311\u6230\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff1a<strong>\uff081\uff09<\/strong><b>\u908f\u8f2f\u554f\u984c\uff1a<\/b>\u9673\u8ff0\u4e00\u300c\u795e\u662f\u5168\u80fd\u548c\u5168\u5584\u7684\u300d\u8207\u9673\u8ff0\u4e8c\u300c\u82e6\u7f6a\u5b58\u5728\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff1b<strong>\uff082\uff09<\/strong><b>\u5be6\u8b49\u554f\u984c\uff1a<\/b>\u82e6\u7f6a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u795e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u2500\u2500\u8981\u9ebc\u795e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8981\u9ebc\u795e\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u80fd\u6216\u5168\u5584\uff1b<strong>\uff083\uff09<\/strong><b>\u5be6\u5b58\u554f\u984c\uff1a<\/b>\u6487\u4e0b\u7d14\u7406\u6027\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u88ab\u5404\u7a2e\u82e6\u96e3\u7e8f\u7e5e\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u5606\u606f\uff1a\u300c\u9019\u6c92\u610f\u7fa9\u554a\uff01\u300d\u3001\u300c\u9019\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u767c\u751f\u554a\uff01\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u767c\u751f\u5728\u6211\u8eab\u4e0a\uff01\u300d<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5c0d\u65bc\u4f86\u81ea\u908f\u8f2f\u548c\u5be6\u8b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c<b>\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8332<\/b>\uff08G. W. Leibniz\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u82e6\u96e3\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u300c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u6700\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u300d\u3002\u795e\u4f5c\u70ba\u5168\u77e5\u3001\u5168\u80fd\u4e14\u5168\u5584\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u5275\u9020\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u6700\u597d\u7684\u610f\u5716\u3002\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u90aa\u60e1\u548c\u82e6\u96e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5be6\u73fe\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5584\u6216\u66f4\u9577\u9060\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002<b>\u9ed1\u683c\u723e<\/b>\uff08G. W. F. Hegel\uff09\u4e5f\u6709\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u82e6\u96e3\u662f\u5be6\u73fe\u66f4\u9ad8\u4e4b\u5584\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8332\u548c\u9ed1\u683c\u723e\u7684\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u662f\u63a1\u53d6\u4e00\u7a2e\u8d85\u7136\u3001\u9060\u96e2\u73fe\u5be6\u707d\u96e3\u3001\u7d14\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9032\u8def\u3002<b>\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u5728\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u4e5f\u8a31\u80fd\u5920\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u73fe\u5be6\u8655\u5883\u4e2d\u6b63\u5728\u53d7\u82e6\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c07\u5176\u6240\u6709\u82e6\u96e3\u300c\u5408\u7406\u5316\u300d\uff0c\u537b\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u6642\u662f\u5c07\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u300c\u865b\u7121\u5316\u300d\u3002<\/b>\u4ecd\u53d7\u707d\u60c5\u56f0\u64fe\u7684\u4eba\u6050\u6015\u8981\u53cd\u554f\uff1a\u96e3\u9053\u6211\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u795e\u8981\u9054\u81f3\u6700\u5927\u7f8e\u5584\u7684\u300c\u5fc5\u8981\u4ee3\u50f9\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5fc5\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u300d\uff1f\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u795e\u5fc5\u52dd\u7684\u5927\u68cb\u5c40\u4e2d\u4e00\u679a\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c4\u6389\u7684\u68cb\u5b50\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u82e6\u96e3\u5c31\u662f\u82e6\u96e3<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u300c\u5929\u9053\u9060\uff0c\u4eba\u9053\u9087\u300d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c0d\u908f\u8f2f\u548c\u5be6\u8b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u986f\u5f97\u592a\u9059\u9060\uff08\u5b83\u5011\u4e26\u975e\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5207\u5408\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u8655\u5883\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u59a8\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u8457\u624b\uff0c\u5373\u5f9e\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u8655\u5883\u4f86\u6b63\u8996\u5be6\u5be6\u5728\u5728\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\u3002<b>\u5f9e\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u51fa\u767c<\/b>\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5982\u524d\u5169\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u90a3\u6a23\u5c07\u82e6\u96e3\u554f\u984c\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\uff0c\u5373\u5f9e\u82e6\u96e3\u7684\u7c60\u7d71\u6982\u5ff5\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u601d\u7dad\u5c64\u9762\u8ad6\u8b49\u5176\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u8981\u6b63\u8996\u3001\u8a8d\u771f\u770b\u5f85\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\uff0c\u5c31\u82e6\u96e3\u672c\u8eab\u4f86\u5c0d\u5f85\u82e6\u96e3\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5c31\u662f<b>\u4e0d\u8981\u70ba\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\u52c9\u5f37\u627e\u4e00\u500b\u770b\u4f3c\u300c\u5c6c\u9748\u6b63\u78ba\u300d\u7684\u5408\u7406\u89e3\u91cb<\/b>\uff1a\u300c\u9019\u662f\u795e\u8981\u4f60\u653e\u4e0b\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u55ae\u55ae\u4ef0\u671b\u7942\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5728\u50b7\u75db\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u6703\u66f4\u771f\u5be6\u5730\u7d93\u6b77\u795e\u7684\u6069\u5178\u548c\u7737\u9867\u300d\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u82e6\u96e3\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u3001\u5168\u7136\u8ca0\u9762\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u77e5\u5b83\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u751f\u5728\u67d0\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u5f37\u4f5c\u89e3\u4eba\uff0c\u70ba\u6bcf\u500b\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\u627e\u51fa\u5408\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u72af\u4e0a\u7d04\u4f2f\u4e09\u53cb\u90a3\u6a23\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5<b>\u8207\u54c0\u54ed\u7684\u4eba\u540c\u54c0\u54ed<\/b>\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u50b7\u75db\u7684\u4eba\u5206\u4eab\u7d04\u4f2f\u8a18\uff0c\u6216\u4f5c\u5bb6\u674f\u6797\u5b50\uff08\u5289\u4fe0\uff09\u3001\u4f48\u9053\u5bb6\u517c\u6fc0\u52f5\u6f14\u8aaa\u5bb6\u529b\u514b\u2027\u80e1\u54f2\uff08Nick Vujicic\uff09\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u9019\u6216\u53ef\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u5011\uff0c\u5b89\u6170\u4ed6\u5011\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u884c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\u6545\u4e8b\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u89aa\u6b77\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u59cb\u7d42\u9084\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u627f\u53d7\u8207\u76fc\u671b<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u99ac\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u665a\u5e74\u5931\u53bb\u5fc3\u611b\u7684\u5341\u4e09\u6b72\u5973\u5152\uff0c\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u9019\u611f\u89ba\u5f88\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u5979\u5728\u5929\u7236\u90a3\u88cf\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u537b\u53c8\u5fcd\u4e0d\u4f4f\u60b2\u50b7\u3002\u300d\u4ed6\u9084\u5f15\u7528\u99ac\u592a\u798f\u97f3\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u7ae041\u7bc0\uff0c\u611f\u5606\u81ea\u5df1\u300c\u5fc3\u9748\u56fa\u7136\u9858\u610f\uff0c\u8089\u9ad4\u537b\u8edf\u5f31\u4e86\u300d\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u8089\u8eab\u8edf\u5f31\uff0c\u5728\u82e6\u96e3\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8cea\u7591\u795e\uff0c\u5c0d\u795e\u60f1\u6012\uff0c\u79b1\u544a\u6642\u8aaa\u4e0d\u51fa\u611f\u8b1d\u8b9a\u7f8e\u7684\u8a00\u8a9e\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u4e4b\u5e38\u60c5\u2500\u2500\u6211\u5011\u672c\u4f86\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u8edf\u5f31\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u770b\u5230\uff1a<b>\u9019\u4e9b\u5c07\u6b98\u7684\u71c8\u706b\uff0c\u58d3\u50b7\u7684\u8606\u8466\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u9084\u6c92\u6709\u7184\u6ec5\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u6298\u65b7\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5c31\u9084\u8981\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5c31\u9084\u8981\u91cd\u62fe\uff1b\u5c31\u7b97\u6709\u4e9b\u71c8\u706b\u771f\u7684\u7184\u6ec5\u4e86\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u8606\u8466\u771f\u7684\u6298\u65b7\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u7d50\u5c40\u2500\u2500\u5728\u9053\u8def\u7684\u76e1\u982d\uff0c\u6709\u66fe\u7d93\u5f9e\u6b7b\u88cf\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u4e3b\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u88cf\u7b49\u5f85\u6211\u5011\u56de\u5230\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u5929\u5bb6\u3002<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Three Kinds of Suffering <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Whenever a major disaster occurs, faith communities often engage in renewed discussions of theodicy. Under the weight of disaster, such discussions tend to become emotionally charged, making it difficult to maintain a calm and rational spirit. In today\u2019s world, information spreads with unprecedented speed. Even the slightest misstep in a believer\u2019s words can provoke strong emotions among disaster victims and the public. Therefore, as we reflect on and discuss these issues, we must first pray, asking God to grant us compassionate hearts, wise minds, and cautious tongues.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000In God\u2019s creation order, three major categories of suffering can be identified: <strong>(1)<\/strong> <em><strong>moral evils<\/strong><\/em><strong>: <\/strong>sins committed by humans through the misuse of their free will, such as murder, theft, and betrayal; <strong> (2) <em><strong>natural disasters<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> calamities that cannot be avoided even with the best preventive measures, such as earthquakes, fires, and traffic accidents; <strong> (3) <em><strong>the sorrows of life<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> whether stemming from human or natural causes, misfortune inevitably befalls some people, such as bereavement, physical disabilities, and depression. These three categories of suffering are, of course, not strictly separate but overlap and intertwine.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Challenges to Christian Faith<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Suffering and these evils are a reality that often shakes the very foundations of our faith. Both believers and non-believers may challenge the Christian faith from these three perspectives: <strong> (1) <\/strong><em><strong>the logical problem<\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> statement 1, \u201cGod is omnipotent and perfectly good,\u201d and statement 2, \u201cEvil exists,\u201d are logically incompatible; <strong> (2) <\/strong> <em><strong>the evidential problem<\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> the existence of evil serves as evidence against God\u2019s existence\u2014either God does not exist, or God is not omnipotent or perfectly good; <strong> (3) <\/strong> <em><strong>the existential problem<\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> setting aside purely rational arguments, we are in fact beset by various forms of suffering, leading us to exclaim, \u201cThis is meaningless!\u201d or \u201cThis shouldn\u2019t be happening! At least, it shouldn\u2019t be happening to me!\u201d<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000In response to the challenges from the logic and evidential problems, <em><strong>G. W. Leibniz<\/strong><\/em> argues that the actual world, despite the existence of suffering, is still \u201cthe best of all possible worlds.\u201d As an omniscient, omnipotent, and perfectly good being, God created this world with the best intentions. The existence of evil and suffering in this world serves to realize a greater good or a long-term purpose. <em><strong>G. W. F. Hegel <\/strong><\/em>holds a similar view, arguing that suffering is a necessary condition for the realization of a higher good. Both Leibniz and Hegel adopted a detached, purely rational approach that distanced themselves from the realities of disaster. <em><strong>While such responses may be valid on rational grounds, for those suffering in real life, \u201crationalizing\u201d may abstract\u2014or even \u201cnullify\u201d\u2014their concrete experience of suffering. <\/strong><\/em> Those still plagued by disaster may well ask: Is my current hardship merely the \u201cnecessary cost\u201d or \u201cnecessary means\u201d for God to achieve the greatest good? Am I simply a disposable pawn in God\u2019s grand chess game that He will win in the end?<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Seeing Suffering as Suffering<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000As an old Chinese saying goes, \u201cthe way of heaven is distant, but the way of humans is near.\u201d If responses to the logic and evidential problems seem too abstract (not that they are unimportant, but that they may not fully address the circumstances of sufferers), we might approach the issue from a third perspective: viewing the concrete suffering as lived reality. <em><strong>From the perspective of those who suffer<\/strong><\/em>, we must first avoid abstracting the problem of suffering as the previous two approaches tend to do\u2014starting with a general concept of suffering and arguing theoretically for its inevitability. Instead, we must face and take real suffering seriously, addressing suffering on its own terms. Second, <em><strong>we must not force a seemingly \u201cspiritually correct\u201d explanation onto every real suffering<\/strong><\/em>: \u201cGod wants you to let go of everything and look to Him alone,\u201d or \u201cIn your pain, you will experience God\u2019s grace and care more deeply.\u201d Some suffering may simply be gratuitous. We do not know why it occurs, nor why it afflicts a particular person. If we insist on assuming the role of an all-knowing interpreter who must find a rational explanation for every instance of suffering, we risk repeating the error made by Job\u2019s three friends. In fact, <em><strong>we can mourn with those who mourn<\/strong><\/em>. We can share with the grieving people the story of Job, or the life stories of the writer Xing Linzi (Liu Xia) and the evangelist and motivational speaker Nick Vujicic. This may help them and bring them comfort. Of course, it may not work because there is always a deep divide between accounts of others\u2019 suffering and the suffering one endures firsthand.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Endurance and Hope<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000When Martin Luther lost his beloved thirteen-year-old daughter in his later years, he said, \u201cIt\u2019s strange to know that she is surely at peace and that she is well off there, very well off, and yet to grieve so much!\u201d He also quoted Matthew 26:41, lamenting, \u201cThe spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.\u201d Because our flesh is weak, we may question God in the midst of suffering, grow angry with Him, and find ourselves unable to utter words of thanksgiving and praise in prayer. This is only human\u2014we are all inherently weak in this way. But on the other hand, we must also recognize this: <em><strong>As long as the smoldering wicks have not yet been quenched and the bruised reeds have not been broken, life must go on, and faith must be restored. Even if some wicks have indeed been extinguished, and some reeds have truly been broken, that is not the end\u2014at the end of the road, the Lord who has risen from the dead awaits us there, ready to welcome us into our eternal heavenly home. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u5433\u570b\u5091<\/h4>\u526f\u9662\u9577\uff08\u6559\u52d9\uff09\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u6559\u6703\u6b77\u53f2\uff09\u6559\u6388<h4>Nathan Ng<\/h4>\nVice President (Academic Affairs)<\/br>\nProfessor of Christian Thought (Church History)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u7684\u521d\u671f\u6559\u6703<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u57fa\u7763\u5b97\u6559\u5f9e\u958b\u59cb\u5373\u9762\u5c0d\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u5c0f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u548c\u707d\u96e3\u3002\u81ea\u5f9e\u7f85\u99ac\u7687\u5e1d\u5c3c\u797f\uff08Nero\uff0c\u516c\u514337-68\u5e74\uff09\u7e31\u706b\u711a\u57ce\u4e26\u5ac1\u798d\u7d66\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u6559\u6703\u4fbf\u6210\u70ba\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u6253\u58d3\u7684\u975e\u6cd5\u7d44\u7e54\u3002\u50c5\u662f\u5805\u6301\u76f8\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u5c31\u8db3\u53ef\u5224\u4ee5\u6b7b\u7f6a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\uff0c\u5de1\u64ab\u5c0f\u76ae\u91cc\u7d10\uff08Pliny the Younger\uff0c\u516c\u514361-113\u5e74\uff09\u81f4\u4fe1\u7687\u5e1d\u4ed6\u96c5\u52aa\uff08Trajan\uff0c\u516c\u514353-117\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u8acb\u793a\u5982\u4f55\u8655\u7f6e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u6211\u9762\u524d\u6709\u4eba\u88ab\u544a\u767c\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u63a1\u53d6\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u52d5\uff1a\u6211\u5148\u554f\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff1b\u82e5\u4ed6\u5011\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u518d\u554f\u5169\u4e09\u6b21\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u5211\u7f70\u4f86\u5a01\u5687\u4ed6\u5011\uff1b\u82e5\u4ed6\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u5805\u6301\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u8655\u6c7a\u3002\u300d<sup>1<\/sup> \u4ed6\u96c5\u52aa\u56de\u8986\uff0c\u6307\u76ae\u91cc\u7d10\u300c\u5df2\u63a1\u53d6\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u8def\u5411\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u63d0\u9192\u4ed6\uff1a\u300c\u4eba\u82e5\u5426\u8a8d\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u52d9\u5fc5\u56b4\u52a0\u9a57\u8b49\uff0c\u78ba\u5b9a\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u656c\u62dc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8af8\u795e\u300d\u3002<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5927\u5e1d\uff08Constantine the Great\uff0c\u516c\u5143 272-337\u5e74\uff09\u65bc\u516c\u5143313\u5e74\u9812\u4f48\u300a\u7c73\u862d\u8aed\u65e8\u300b\uff08<em>Edictum Mediolanense<\/em>\uff09\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u4e8c\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u88cf\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u906d\u53d7\u7121\u6578\u6b98\u9177\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u3002\u6709\u7684\u88ab\u96c6\u9ad4\u91d8\u6b7b\u5728\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u7576\u4f5c\u706b\u628a\u711a\u71d2\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5728\u9b25\u7378\u5834\u7d66\u7345\u5b50\u54ac\u6b7b\uff0c\u6709\u5b69\u7ae5\u88ab\u62ab\u4e0a\u7378\u76ae\u7d66\u72c2\u72ac\u6495\u54ac\u3002\u7687\u5e1d\u5967\u71b1\u6d41\uff08Marcus Aurelius\uff0c\u516c\u5143121-180\u5e74\uff09\u717d\u52d5\u66b4\u6c11\u653b\u64ca\u6559\u6703\uff1b\u5728\u4ed6\u57f7\u653f\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u300c\u627f\u53d7\u72c2\u71e5\u66b4\u5f92\u6163\u5e38\u5c0d\u5f85\u5176\u4ec7\u6575\u548c\u5c0d\u624b\u7684\u90a3\u5404\u7a2e\u7f9e\u8fb1\u300d\u3002<sup>3<\/sup> \u7687\u5e1d\u5fb7\u4fee\uff08Decius\uff0c\u516c\u5143201-252\u5e74\uff09\u8981\u6c42\u5168\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u7686\u8981\u5411\u7f85\u99ac\u7684\u795e\u7947\u300c\u737b\u796d\u3001\u5960\u9152\uff0c\u4e26\u8981\u54c1\u5617\u796d\u8089\u300d\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u8b49\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u9055\u8005\u8981\u906d\u53d7\u9177\u5211\u3002<sup>4<\/sup> \u7687\u5e1d\u6234\u514b\u91cc\u5148\uff08Diocletian\uff0c\u516c\u5143245-311\u5e74\uff09\u66f4\u4e0b\u4ee4\u300c\u93df\u5e73\u6559\u6703\uff0c\u711a\u71d2\u8056\u7d93\u300d\u3002\u9762\u5c0d\u7121\u61fc\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u4ed6\u300c\u76e3\u7981\u5404\u5730\u7684\u6559\u6703\u9818\u8896\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u7528\u76e1\u4e00\u5207\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f37\u8feb\u4ed6\u5011\u737b\u796d\u300d\uff0c\u610f\u5716\u85c9\u6b64\u6467\u6bc0\u4fe1\u5f92\u7fa4\u9ad4\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<sup>5<\/sup><\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u7236\u7684\u63d0\u9192<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5f9e\u73fe\u5b58\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u7236\u8457\u4f5c\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u906d\u53d7\u9577\u6642\u9593\u6b98\u9177\u8feb\u5bb3\u3001\u9677\u5728\u82e6\u96e3\u4e2d\u7684\u521d\u671f\u6559\u6703\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u751f\u51fa\u82e6\u6bd2\u6028\u6068\u6216\u7070\u5fc3\u55aa\u5fd7\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u5e38\u5f9e\u5c6c\u9748\u89d2\u5ea6\u7a4d\u6975\u9762\u5c0d\uff0c\u4fe1\u9760\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u76fc\u671b\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\u69ae\u8000\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6559\u7236\u5c0d\u707d\u798d\u82e6\u96e3\u7684\u8a00\u8a13\u6559\u5c0e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b78\u7d0d\u6210\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u63d0\u9192\uff1a<\/p><ol><li><b>\u4e0a\u4e3b\u5728\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u540c\u5728\uff0c\u7d66\u53d7\u82e6\u7684\u8056\u5f92\u5e36\u4f86\u5b89\u6170\uff1a<\/b>\u5c31\u5982\u7f85\u99ac\u9577\u8001\u5e0c\u5761\u5f8b\u9640\uff08Hippolytus\uff0c\u7d04\u516c\u5143170-235\u5e74\uff09\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u903c\u8feb\u707d\u96e3\u4e43\u6e90\u81ea\u6575\u57fa\u7763\u5c0d\u8056\u5f92\u7684\u653b\u64ca\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4fe1\u5f92\u53ef\u4ef0\u671b\u300c\u4e0a\u4e3b\u5f9e\u5929\u4e0a\u986f\u73fe\u300d\u3002<sup>6<\/sup> \u9019\u7a2e\u986f\u73fe\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u8056\u5f92\u5316\u5371\u70ba\u6a5f\u2015\u2015\u6216\u5f97\u8457\u80fd\u529b\u5fcd\u53d7\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u6216\u6b89\u9053\u5f8c\u5f97\u898b\u4e3b\u9762\u3002<\/li><li><b>\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e0d\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7d42\u7d50\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u66ab\u4e14\u5b89\u606f\u7684\u7f8e\u597d\u6642\u523b\uff1a<\/b>\u7279\u571f\u826f\uff08Tertullian\uff0c\u7d04\u516c\u5143155-220\u5e74\uff09\u89e3\u91cb\u99ac\u592a\u798f\u97f3\u516d\u7ae06\u7bc0\u6642\uff0c\u6307\u300c\u5167\u5ba4\u300d\u9810\u8868\u58b3\u5893\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u6575\u57fa\u7763\u7d42\u6975\u731b\u70c8\u653b\u64ca\u4e0b\u96e2\u4e16\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5b89\u606f\u7247\u6642\u3002<sup>7<\/sup> \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8056\u5f92\u7121\u9808\u61fc\u6015\u82e6\u96e3\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff1b\u96e2\u4e16\u8207\u4e3b\u540c\u5728\u53cd\u800c\u503c\u5f97\u56ae\u5f80\u3002<\/li><li><b>\u5728\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u5805\u5fcd\u5230\u5e95\u7684\u8056\u5f92\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u8457\u69ae\u8000\u7684\u51a0\u5195\uff1a<\/b>\u611b\u4efb\u7d10\uff08Irenaeus\uff0c\u7d04\u516c\u5143125-202\u5e74\uff09\u89e3\u91cb\u99ac\u592a\u798f\u97f3\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u7ae021\u7bc0\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5927\u707d\u96e3\u6642\uff0c\u660e\u8a00\u300c\u9019\u662f\u7fa9\u4eba\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u8a66\u9a57\uff0c\u5f97\u52dd\u7684\u53ef\u5f97\u4e0d\u673d\u7684\u51a0\u5195\u300d\u3002<sup>8<\/sup> \u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u8056\u5f92\u61c9\u7576\u61fc\u6015\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u56e0\u903c\u8feb\u800c\u8edf\u5f31\u8dcc\u5012\uff0c\u5f9e\u6b64\u5931\u53bb\u5c6c\u5929\u7684\u798f\u5206\u3002<\/li><\/ol><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u6309\u7167\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8056\u5f92\u53ef\u5b58\u559c\u6a02\u7684\u5fc3\u7a4d\u6975\u9762\u5c0d\u5404\u7a2e\u903c\u8feb\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u4f7f\u5f92\u6559\u7236\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u9ed1\u99ac\u7267\u4eba\u66f8\u300b\uff08<em>Pastor Hermae<\/em>\uff09\u6240\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u5c07\u8981\u4f86\u81e8\u7684\u5927\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u5805\u5fcd\u7684\u4eba\u61c9\u7576\u6b61\u559c\u5feb\u6a02\u300d\u3002<sup>9<\/sup> \u4ed6\u5011\u91cd\u8996\u5c07\u4f86\u5929\u4e0a\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u5c6c\u9748\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u9060\u591a\u65bc\u5730\u4e0a\u77ed\u66ab\u7684\u8089\u8eab\u751f\u547d\uff1b\u9019\u539f\u5247\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u4e3b\u8036\u7a4c\u57fa\u7763\u53d7\u82e6\u53d7\u6b7b\u7684\u699c\u6a23\u4e2d\u5b78\u7fd2\u5f97\u4f86\u7684\u3002<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u4eca\u65e5\u4e16\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u82e6\u96e3\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u660e\u986f\u56e0\u4fe1\u4ef0\u800c\u906d\u53d7\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u6559\u7236\u7684\u6559\u5c0e\u80fd\u7d66\u4fe1\u5f92\u9069\u5207\u7684\u9f13\u52f5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u6613\u5206\u8fa8\u5176\u56e0\u7531\u3002\u570b\u969b\u9593\uff0c\u6230\u722d\u5c0e\u81f4\u707d\u6c11\u6b7b\u50b7\u7121\u6578\uff0c\u6d41\u96e2\u5931\u6240\uff1b\u5730\u5340\u5167\uff0c\u4eba\u798d\u81f4\u4f7f\u89aa\u4eba\u751f\u6b7b\u76f8\u9694\uff0c\u5bb6\u5712\u76e1\u6bc0\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u75db\u82e6\u90fd\u662f\u5be6\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u54c0\u5606\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u7236\u7684\u6559\u5c0e\u4e5f\u63d0\u9192\u4fe1\u5f92\uff1a\u5207\u52ff\u5c07\u773c\u76ee\u50c5\u653e\u5728\u77ed\u66ab\u7684\u4eca\u4e16\uff0c\u7576\u4ee5\u5c6c\u9748\u7684\u773c\u5149\u6ce8\u8996\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u5c07\u4f86\uff1b\u76f8\u4fe1<b>\u707d\u96e3\u53ea\u662f\u77ed\u66ab\u7684\u8a66\u7149\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u662f\u6211\u5011\u96a8\u6642\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9<\/b>\u3002\u8089\u8eab\u53d7\u82e6\u751a\u81f3\u53d7\u6b7b\u4e26\u4e0d\u53ef\u6015\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5728\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u5805\u5fcd\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u5f97\u8457\u5c6c\u5929\u69ae\u8000\u7684\u734e\u8cde\u3002<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3><p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>1<\/sup> Pliny the Younger, <em>Epistulae<\/em> 10.96.<br \/><sup>2<\/sup> Pliny the Younger, <em>Epistulae<\/em> 10.97.<br \/><sup>3<\/sup> Eusebius, <em>Historia Ecclesiastica<\/em> 5.1.<br \/><sup>4<\/sup> George Milligan, <em>Greek Papyri<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912), no. 48.<br \/><sup>5<\/sup> Eusebius, <em>Historia Ecclesiastica<\/em> 8.2.<br \/><sup>6<\/sup> Hippolytus, <em>Commentariorum in Danielem<\/em> 2.7.<br \/><sup>7<\/sup> Tertullian, <em>De Carne Christi<\/em> 4.27.<br \/><sup>8<\/sup> Irenaeus, <em>Adversus Haereses<\/em> 5.29.1.<br \/><sup>9<\/sup> <em>Pastor Hermae<\/em>, vision 2.2.<\/p><p><\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>The Early Church in Tribulation<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000From its inception, Christianity faced oppression and tribulation of varying degrees. After the Roman Emperor Nero (37-68 AD) set fire to Rome and put the blame on the Christians, the Church became an outlawed organization under the Roman Empire. At that time, merely having faith in Christ was sufficient grounds for a death sentence. In the early second century, the governor Pliny the Younger (61-113 AD) wrote to Emperor Trajan (53-117 AD) for guidance on how to deal with Christians, saying, \u201cFor the moment this is the line I have taken with all persons brought before me on the charge of being Christians. I have asked them in person if they are Christians, and if they admit it, I repeat the question a second and third time, with a warning of the punishment awaiting them. If they persist, I order them to be led away for execution.\u201d <sup>1<\/sup> Trajan responded, affirming that Pliny \u201chad followed the right course of procedure,\u201d while cautioning him: \u201cin the case of anyone who denies that he is a Christian \u2026 make it clear that he is not by worshipping our gods.\u201d <sup>2<\/sup><\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000For over two centuries before Emperor Constantine the Great (272-337 AD) issued the <em>Edictum Mediolanense<\/em> in 313 AD, Christians endured countless brutal persecutions. Some were crucified <em>en masse<\/em>, burned, or torn apart by lions in the arena. Even children were clad in animal skins and devoured by rabid dogs. Emperor Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD) incited mobs to attack the Church. During his reign, Christians \u201cendured every kind of disgrace that frenzied mobs habitually inflicted upon their enemies and adversaries.\u201d <sup>3<\/sup> Emperor Decius (201-252 AD) demanded that all citizens must \u201coffer sacrifices, pour libations, and partake of the sacrificial meat\u201d to the Roman gods as proof of their allegiance, threatening torture for those who refused. <sup>4<\/sup> Emperor Diocletian (245-311 AD) went further, ordering churches to be \u201cleveled to the ground and the Scriptures burned.\u201d To subdue Christians who feared no death, he \u201cimprisoned church leaders throughout the empire and employed every means to force them to sacrifice,\u201d aiming to shatter the faith of the Christian community. <sup>5<\/sup><\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Exhortations from the Early Church Fathers<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000It is evident from the extant writings of the early Church Fathers that the early Church, enduring prolonged brutal persecution and suffering, did not give rise to bitterness, resentment, or despair. On the contrary, believers consistently confronted adversity from a spiritual perspective, placing their trust in Christ and looking forward to future glory. The teachings of these Fathers regarding tribulation and suffering can be summarized in the following three exhortations:<\/p><ol><li><em><strong>The Lord is present in tribulation, bringing comfort to suffering saints<\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> as the presbyter Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170-235 AD) stated, persecution and tribulation stem from the Antichrist\u2019s assault upon the saints, yet believers may look to \u201cthe Lord appearing from heaven.\u201d <sup>6<\/sup> This manifestation enables the saints to turn adversity into victory\u2014either gaining strength to endure suffering or beholding the Lord\u2019s face after martyrdom.<\/li><li><em><strong>Death is not the end of life, but a beautiful moment of temporary rest<\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> Tertullian (c. 155-220 AD) explained Matthew 6:6, noting that \u201cyour room\u201d symbolizes the grave, where those who depart during the fierce final assault of the Antichrist may rest for a time. <sup>7<\/sup> Therefore, saints need not fear suffering or death; departing to be with the Lord is something to be longed for.<\/li><li><em><strong>The saints who endure to the end in tribulation shall receive the crown of glory<\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> Irenaeus (c. 125-202 AD), interpreting the great tribulation described in Matthew 24:21, explicitly states, \u201cThis is the final trial of the righteous, and those who overcome shall receive the crown of immortality.\u201d <sup>8<\/sup> Therefore, what saints should fear is not tribulation itself, but rather any weakening or falling away in their faith due to persecution, causing them to lose their portion of heavenly blessings.<\/li><\/ol><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000According to this understanding, saints can face all kinds of persecution and tribulations with joyful hearts, as stated in the Apostolic Father\u2019s work <em>Pastor Hermae<\/em>: \u201cHappy are you who endure the great tribulation that is at hand.\u201d <sup>9<\/sup> They valued the eternal spiritual life in heaven far more than the fleeting physical life on earth. This principle is what they learned from the suffering and death of the Lord Jesus Christ.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Today, the world is filled with suffering. There are afflictions that we endure clearly for the sake of faith, and in such cases, the teachings of the Church Fathers offer believers fitting encouragement. Yet, for some cases of suffering, it is harder to discern the meaning. Internationally, wars claim countless lives and leave countless displaced; locally, human-made disasters tear families apart and lay waste to homes. These sufferings are real and cause deep lamentation. Nevertheless, the early Church Fathers reminded believers: do not fix your eyes solely on this fleeting world; instead, gaze with spiritual vision toward the eternal future, believing that <em><strong>tribulations are but temporary trials, and Christ is our ever-present help<\/strong><\/em>. Physical suffering, even death, need not be dreaded. By persevering to the end amid tribulations, one will receive the heavenly reward of glory.<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3><p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>1<\/sup> Pliny the Younger, <em>Epistulae<\/em> 10.96.<br \/><sup>2<\/sup> Pliny the Younger, <em>Epistulae<\/em> 10.97.<br \/><sup>3<\/sup> Eusebius, <em>Historia Ecclesiastica<\/em> 5.1.<br \/><sup>4<\/sup> George Milligan, <em>Greek Papyri<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912), no. 48.<br \/><sup>5<\/sup> Eusebius, <em>Historia Ecclesiastica<\/em> 8.2.<br \/><sup>6<\/sup> Hippolytus, <em>Commentariorum in Danielem<\/em> 2.7.<br \/><sup>7<\/sup> Tertullian, <em>De Carne Christi<\/em> 4.27.<br \/><sup>8<\/sup> Irenaeus, <em>Adversus Haereses<\/em> 5.29.1.<br \/><sup>9<\/sup> <em>Pastor Hermae<\/em>, vision 2.2.<\/p><p><!-- \/wp:post-content --><\/p><!-- \/wp:freeform --><\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u6881\u4fca\u8c6a<\/h4>\n<p>\u65b0\u7d04\u526f\u6559\u6388<\/p>\n<h4>Bernard Leung<\/h4>\n<p>Associate Professor of New Testament<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u5c0d\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u5169\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u770b\u5230\u5225\u4eba\u53d7\u82e6\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u8207\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc3\u751f\u540c\u60c5\uff0c\u70ba\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u5e78\u611f\u5230\u96e3\u904e\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u95dc\u5fc3\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u798f\u7949\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u80fd\u5920\u7406\u89e3\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9ad4\u6703\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u5171\u9cf4\u3002\u7576\u5a92\u9ad4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5831\u5c0e\u707d\u96e3\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u7136\u5c0d\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7522\u751f\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u9019\u4efd\u540c\u60c5\u63a8\u52d5\u6211\u5011\u95dc\u5fc3\u3001\u6170\u554f\u6216\u65bd\u4e88\u63f4\u52a9\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6350\u6b3e\uff09\u7d66\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\uff0c\u671f\u671b\u6e1b\u8f15\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u82e6\u695a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6240\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6b63\u80fd\u5920\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u5011\uff1f\u9019\u662f\u5341\u5206\u503c\u5f97\u63a2\u8a0e\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u904e\u5ea6\u6170\u554f\u53ef\u80fd\u5e36\u7d66\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u58d3\u529b\uff1b\u91cd\u8907\u8ac7\u8ad6\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u9020\u6210\u4e8c\u6b21\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u51fa\u65bc\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6642\u5e38\u64d4\u6f14\u65bd\u4e88\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u7ad9\u5728\u5b89\u5168\u754c\u7dda\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5411\u53d7\u52a9\u8005\u4f38\u51fa\u63f4\u624b\uff0c\u4f46\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u548c\u7acb\u5834\u537b\u53ef\u80fd\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u7576\u5a92\u9ad4\u6e1b\u5c11\u5831\u5c0e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u8a34\u6c42\u548c\u8655\u5883\u9010\u6f38\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u4e5f\u5c31\u9010\u6f38\u6e1b\u9000\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u53bb\u5224\u65b7\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u8aaa\u6bd4\u8f03\u964c\u751f\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6211\u5011\u8a2d\u8eab\u8655\u5730\uff0c\u63a1\u7d0d\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u82e6\u6cc1\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\u3002\u653e\u4e0b\u81ea\u6211\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u4ee3\u5165\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6700\u80fd\u80af\u5b9a\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u4e26\u5c55\u73fe\u6211\u5011\u6700\u771f\u6470\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u548c\u5718\u7d50\u3002\u4f46\u8981\u9054\u5230\u9019\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5171\u9cf4\uff0c\u5c0d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5c0d\u63a5\u53d7\u904e\u5c08\u696d\u8a13\u7df4\u7684\u8f14\u5c0e\u4eba\u54e1\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u7576\u8017\u8cbb\u7cbe\u529b\u3002\u82e5\u679c\u671f\u9593\u5ffd\u8996\u4e86\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u754c\u7dda\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u9677\u5165\u6291\u9b31\u72c0\u614b\u6216\u51fa\u73fe\u5fc3\u7406\u5275\u50b7\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u300c\u8a18\u5f97\u300d\u8207\u300c\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\u300d<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p 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\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\uff0c\u548c\u5408\u672c\u4fee\u8a02\u7248\u548c\u65b0\u6f22\u8a9e\u8b6f\u672c\u8b6f\u4f5c\u300c\u597d\u50cf\u4f60\u5011\u4e5f\u89aa\u8eab\u53d7\u5230\u8650\u5f85\u4e00\u6a23\u300d\u3002\u539f\u6587\u7684\u1f10\u03bd \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\uff08\u300c\u5728\u8eab\u9ad4\u4e0a\u300d\uff09\u8868\u9054<strong>\u5fb9\u5e95\u8a8d\u540c<\/strong>\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u790e\u662f\u6211\u5011\u540c\u6709\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u548c\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7d50\u9023\u3002<\/p>\n<p 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align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u66f8\u4f5c\u8005\u66f4\u5f62\u5bb9\u5927\u796d\u53f8\u80fd\u5920\u300c\u540c\u60c5\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u8edf\u5f31\u300d\uff08\u56db15\uff09\u3002\u300c\u540c\u60c5\u300d\uff08\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\uff0c\u6216\u8b6f\u300c\u9ad4\u6064\u300d\uff09\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5206\u4eab\u8edf\u5f31\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u89aa\u8eab\u300c\u5728\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u53d7\u904e\u8a66\u63a2\uff0c\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u6a23\u300d\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u4f5c\u70ba\u5927\u796d\u53f8\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u9ad8\u9ad8\u5728\u4e0a\u5730\u53ef\u6190\u3001\u540c\u60c5\u6211\u5011\u56e0\u4eba\u6027\u8edf\u5f31\u3001\u843d\u5165\u8a66\u63a2\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u6551\u7684\u82e6\u6cc1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u5728\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u300d\u8207\u6211\u5011\u300c\u76f8\u540c\u300d\uff08\u4e8c17\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8981\u7d93\u6b77\u8207\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u53c3\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u8edf\u5f31\uff0c\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7d50\u9023\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<b>\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5426\u300c\u8a18\u5f97\u300d\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\uff0c\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\uff0c\u5728\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u5b78\u50cf\u57fa\u7763<\/b>\uff0c\u653e\u4e0b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8eab\u5206\u3001\u89c0\u9ede\u6216\u81ea\u4ee5\u70ba\u8207\u5225\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u3001\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e26\u63a5\u53d7\u81ea\u5df1\u8207\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u6709\u540c\u6a23\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u3002\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u8edf\u5f31\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u9003\u907f\u82e6\u695a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9003\u907f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u548c\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u82e6\u695a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7121\u8996\u5225\u4eba\u4e4b\u82e6\uff0c\u4ee5\u7a2e\u7a2e\u7406\u7531\u5283\u6e05\u754c\u7dda\uff0c\u5272\u65b7\u5f7c\u6b64\u9593\u7684\u7d50\u9023\uff0c\u9019\u7121\u7591\u7b49\u65bc\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u6bd4\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u66f4\u9ad8\u8cb4\u3001\u66f4\u795e\u6027\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u7279\u6b0a\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u8b77\u3002\u8981\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\uff0c\u8207\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7d50\u9023\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u50cf\u57fa\u7763\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7d50\u9023\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u6211\u5011\u7684\u540c\u884c\u548c\u5e6b\u52a9\u624d\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Two Responses to Those Who Suffer<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000When we witness others suffering, we typically have two reactions: First, most people feel sympathy, grieving for their misfortune and thus caring about their well-being; second, some individuals can understand the sufferer\u2019s perspective, empathize with their feelings, and resonate with them. When disasters receive extensive media coverage, we naturally experience the first reaction toward the victims. This sympathy drives us to offer care, condolences, or aid (such as donations) to those suffering, hoping to alleviate their pain. However, does what we do truly help them? This is a question well worth exploring. Excessive expressions of condolences may place undue pressure on those suffering. Repeated discussion of the disaster may also cause secondary trauma. In these acts of sympathy, we often assume the role of benefactors, extending aid from a safe distance. Yet, our perspectives and positions may differ significantly from theirs. As media coverage diminishes, our understanding of the victims\u2019 needs and conditions gradually fades. Our attention and sympathy wane, and we may even judge their feelings based on our own yardsticks. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000The second type of response is less familiar to us, requiring us to put ourselves in their shoes, adopt the perspective of those suffering, and empathize deeply with their plight. Setting aside our own views and deeply immersing ourselves in the sufferer\u2019s perspective and emotional world best affirms their feelings and demonstrates our most genuine humanity and solidarity. However, such deep resonance is quite exhausting for most people\u2014even professionally trained counselors. If boundaries are neglected during the process, it may even plunge one into depression or psychological distress. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong> \u201cRemember\u201d and \u201cSince You Also Are in the Body\u201d <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000Nonetheless, the Epistle of Hebrews urges believers to adopt an attitude akin to the second response toward those persecuted for their faith: \u201c&#8230; and [remember] those who are mistreated, since you also are in the body\u201d (13:3b ESV). The verb \u201cremember\u201d is in the present tense in Greek; accordingly, NIV renders it as \u201cContinue to remember \u2026\u201d The command denotes more than mere mental recollection or a verbal expression of concern, but <em><strong>a call to take concrete action to provide ongoing assistance to those in tragedy<\/em><\/strong>. This command to continue remembering those who are mistreated is grounded in the recognition that \u201cyou also are in the body,\u201d indicating that all share in the weakness of bodily existence. This common humanity thus becomes the basis for solidarity with those who suffer. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000This solidarity with others is fully revealed in Christ\u2019s redemptive work. Hebrews 2:11 states that the Son of God, as the High Priest, and the people who are called His brothers and sisters \u201call have one source.\u201d Since the people \u201cshare in flesh and blood,\u201d possessing fragile human nature, Christ likewise shared this humanity and \u201cpartook of the same things\u201d (2:14), \u201cto be made like his brothers in every respect\u201d (2:17), having \u201csuffered when tempted,\u201d \u201cto help those who are being tempted\u201d (2:18), thereby fulfilling the high priest\u2019s role of atoning for the people. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000The author of Hebrews further describes the High Priest as one who is capable of \u201c[sympathizing] with our weaknesses\u201d (4:15). \u201cTo sympathize\u201d (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, NIV renders as \u201cto empathize\u201d) is not merely an emotional response, but a shared experience of human frailties, having been \u201cin every respect \u2026 tempted as we are\u201d (4:15). Christ, as the High Priest, does not stand aloof in a position of superiority, merely pitying with our plight as those who, in human frailty, fall into temptation and are unable to deliver themselves. Instead, He chose to be \u201cmade like [us] in every respect\u201d (2:17), even to the point of experiencing the same frailties. This means full participation in our human weaknesses as an expression of solidarity with us. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000<em><strong>Whether we can \u201cremember\u201d those who suffer and feel their pain as our own depends on whether we have learned to be like Christ<\/em><\/strong>\u2014laying aside our own status, perspectives, or perceived differences, to acknowledge, embody, and accept that we share the same fragile humanity as those who are suffering. One weakness of human nature is the tendency to flee from pain\u2014our own and that of others. However, to disregard the suffering of others by erecting boundaries through various justifications and severing the bonds that connect us amounts to the implicit claim that one\u2019s own humanity is more noble, more divine, and more entitled to protection than that of others. To share in the experience of others and to be joined with those who suffer, one must identify with them in the same way that Christ identifies with us. Only then does our companionship and aid hold meaning. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u9ec3\u798f\u5149<\/h4>\u526f\u9662\u9577\uff08\u5b78\u8853\uff09\u3001\u820a\u7d04\u6559\u6388<h4>Fook-kong Wong<\/h4>\nVice-President (Research) <br \/>\n Professor of Old Testament\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u70ba\u4f55\u707d\u798d\u81e8\u5230\uff1f<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u7576\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u6703\u554f\u300c\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u8a31\u591a\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e8b\u60c5\u767c\u751f\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u3002\u6839\u64da\u4e16\u754c\u885b\u751f\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u6578\u64da\uff0c\u622a\u81f32026\u5e741\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u5408\u51717,110,188\u4eba\u6b7b\u65bc\u65b0\u51a0\u80ba\u708e\uff08COVID-19\uff09\u3002<sup>1<\/sup> \u8ddd\u96e2\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u8fd1\u7684\u5927\u57d4\u5b8f\u798f\u82d1\u706b\u707d\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6578\u9054168\u4eba\u3002\u9019\u5169\u5834\u707d\u96e3\u90fd\u5c0d\u9999\u6e2f\u5dff\u6c11\u9020\u6210\u6df1\u9060\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8d77\u56e0\u4e26\u975e\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u77e5\u66c9\u3002\u65b0\u51a0\u75ab\u60c5\u662f\u7531\u65b0\u578b\u51a0\u72c0\u75c5\u6bd2SARS-CoV-2\u5f15\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u57d4\u706b\u707d\u5df2\u67e5\u660e\u591a\u9805\u8087\u56e0\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u9805\u662f\u795e\u7955\u83ab\u6e2c\u6216\u7121\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u70ba\u4f55\u6211\u5011\u5373\u4f7f\u77e5\u9053\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u4ecd\u8981\u8ffd\u554f\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u5462\uff1f\u60f3\u5fc5\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u55ae\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u707d\u798d\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\uff0c\u66f4\u6e34\u671b\u660e\u767d\u5176\u6df1\u5c64\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c<b>\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u795e\u5bb9\u8a31\u2015\u2015\u751a\u6216\u4fc3\u4f7f\u2015\u2015\u707d\u798d\u767c\u751f<\/b>\u3002\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u88cf\uff0c\u795e\u900f\u904e\u5929\u4f7f\u3001\u5148\u77e5\u3001\u7570\u8c61\u6216\u5922\u5883\u50b3\u9054\u7942\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5411\u4eba\u986f\u73fe\uff0c\u89aa\u81ea\u50b3\u905e\u7942\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\uff0c\u4e00\u9ede\u4e5f\u4e0d\u542b\u7cca\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u975e\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u638c\u63a7\u2015\u2015\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u88cf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bc4\u671b\u5f9e\u9019\u4e9b\u9014\u5f91\u7372\u5f97\u89e3\u91cb\u3002<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u8056\u7d93\uff0c\u662f\u65e2\u6613\u53d6\u5f97\u4e14\u5177\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u5c0d\u707d\u798d\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8a31\u591a\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5305\u62ec\u90aa\u9748\u7684\u653b\u64ca\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7d04\u4f2f\u8a18\uff09\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7f6a\u6027\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u58eb\u5341\u4e5d\uff5e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\uff09\u3001\u76f8\u95dc\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u611a\u6627\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff08\u7bb4\u534114\uff0c\u5341\u56db16\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u795e\u7684\u5be9\u5224\uff08\u7533\u4e8c\u5341\u516b15-68\uff09\u3002\u50b3\u9053\u66f8\u4e5d\u7ae012\u7bc0\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5371\u53ca\u751f\u547d\u7684\u707d\u798d\uff08\u539f\u6587\u4f5c\u300c\u60e1\u6642\u300d\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6beb\u7121\u9810\u8b66\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5ffd\u7136\u81e8\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u58ae\u843d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u707d\u96e3\u662f\u5e38\u614b\uff0c\u7121\u9700\u591a\u52a0\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u5f9e\u8f03\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u795e\u5bb9\u8a31\u67d0\u4e9b\u707d\u798d\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u85c9\u6b64\u6559\u5c0e\u6216\u8a13\u7df4\u6211\u5011\u5b78\u7fa9\uff08\u7533\u516b1-3\uff1b\u5f7c\u524d\u4e006-7\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u9019\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8499\u53ec\u70ba\u795e\u570b\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u82e6\uff08\u592a\u4e9410-12\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5168\u90fd\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u4f46<b>\u554f\u984c\u662f\u6211\u5011\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u5920\u8fa8\u660e\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u500b\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u54ea\u500b\u624d\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u89e3\u7b54<\/b>\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u70ba\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f04\u932f\u4e86\u3002\u7d04\u4f2f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4fbf\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u77e5\u9053\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u8ab0\u77e5\u662f\u770b\u932f\u4e86\u3002<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u63a2\u5c0b\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u610f\u7fa9<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<b>\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u63a2\u5c0b\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u6642\uff0c\u8a72\u5148\u8abf\u67e5\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8087\u56e0\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e5f\u8a31\u5c31\u662f\u610f\u7fa9\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/b>\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u82e5\u6709\u4eba\u72af\u7f6a\u3001\u72af\u6cd5\u6216\u505a\u4e86\u611a\u6627\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u62db\u81f4\u707d\u798d\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u798d\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u61c9\u8a72\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7f6a\u60e1\u3001\u904e\u72af\u6216\u611a\u6627\u800c\u6094\u6539\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u5c0b\u6c42\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u6b64\u8209\u5c0d\u65bc\u9632\u6b62\u707d\u96e3\u91cd\u6f14\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4f46<b>\u5047\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u8087\u56e0\u4e26\u4e0d\u660e\u78ba\uff0c\u5f37\u4f5c\u89e3\u91cb\u5247\u6703\u9069\u5f97\u5176\u53cd<\/b>\uff0c\u7121\u52a9\u65bc\u963b\u6b62\u707d\u96e3\u91cd\u6f14\u3002\u6cc1\u4e14\uff0c\u5c07\u904e\u5931\u6b78\u548e\u65bc\u7121\u8f9c\u8005\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u6b20\u516c\u5141\u3002<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9808\u518d\u8ac7\u8ac7\u7d04\u4f2f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u6c92\u6709\u51fa\u932f\u2015\u2015\u795e\u734e\u8cde\u9075\u884c\u7942\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u61f2\u7f70\u9055\u80cc\u8005\uff0c\u9019\u89c0\u5ff5\u53ef\u898b\u65bc\u8056\u7d93\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7533\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\uff1b\u58eb\u4e097-8\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u662f\u628a\u9019\u500b\u795e\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u5957\u7528\u5728\u7d04\u4f2f\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u61c9\u7528\u932f\u8aa4\u6bd4\u8a6e\u91cb\u932f\u8aa4\u66f4\u96e3\u7cfe\u6b63\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u500b\u4e3b\u89c0\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u8056\u7d93\u70ba\u707d\u798d\u548c\u82e6\u96e3\u63d0\u4f9b\u8a31\u591a\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u5224\u65b7\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u500b\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u54ea\u500b\u89e3\u91cb\uff08\u5982\u6709\uff09\u65b9\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4f3d\u9054\u9ed8\u723e\uff08Hans-Georg Gadamer\uff09\u5f15\u8ff0\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff08Immanuel Kant\uff09\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u898f\u5247\u898f\u7bc4\u6211\u5011\u5408\u7406\u5730\u904b\u7528\u898f\u5247\u3002\u300d<sup>2<\/sup> \u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u672c\u8056\u7d93\u6559\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u7528\u8056\u7d93\u3002\u9019\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\uff1a<b>\u5373\u4f7f\u8a6e\u91cb\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u5728\u61c9\u7528\u6642\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u932f\u3002<\/b>\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7814\u8b80\u8056\u7d93\u4e0d\u50c5\u95dc\u4e4e\u6b77\u53f2\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u9084\u9700\u8981\u8056\u9748\u5f15\u5c0e\u548c\u8fa8\u8b58\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5c07\u771f\u7406\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u61c9\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f0f<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u9762\u5c0d\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u8def\u5f97\u8a18\u4e2d\u7684\u8def\u5f97\u548c\u6ce2\u963f\u65af\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u61c9\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u7d04\u4f2f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u8def\u5f97\u6c92\u6709\u8a66\u5716\u89e3\u91cb\u62ff\u4fc4\u7c73\u70ba\u4f55\u5931\u53bb\u4e08\u592b\u548c\u5169\u500b\u5152\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u966a\u4f34\u5979\u8fd4\u56de\u4f2f\u5229\u6046\uff0c\u6089\u5fc3\u7167\u9867\u5979\u3002\u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u6ce2\u963f\u65af\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u5617\u8a66\u89e3\u91cb\u60b2\u5287\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u751f\u5728\u62ff\u4fc4\u7c73\u548c\u8def\u5f97\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5354\u52a9\u5979\u5011\u7372\u53d6\u7ce7\u98df\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u66f4\u6210\u70ba\u5979\u5011\u7684\u300c\u89aa\u5c6c\u8d16\u8005\u300d\uff08kinsman redeemer\uff09\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u707d\u798d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u7121\u80fd\u70ba\u529b\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5f88\u591a\u5be6\u4e8b\u53bb\u5e6b\u52a9\u53d7\u707d\u8005\u3002<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u63a2\u6c42\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u6df1\u5c64\u610f\u7fa9\u55ce\uff1f\u6211\u60f3\u5c0d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u601d\u662f\u5f9e\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6c72\u53d6\u751a\u9ebc\u5c6c\u9748\u6559\u8a13\u3002\u9019\u6d89\u53ca\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u9818\u53d7\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u89aa\u8eab\u7d93\u6b77\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4e2d\u9818\u609f\u5c6c\u9748\u7684\u529f\u8ab2\uff1b\u82e5\u89aa\u6b77\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8aaa\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6307\u53e6\u4e00\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5426\u5728\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u8fa8\u8b58\u795e\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u61c9\u7576\u8b39\u614e\u4e86\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e16\u4ee3\u90aa\u60e1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u795e\u85c9\u65b0\u51a0\u75c5\u6bd2\u4f86\u61f2\u7f70\u4e16\u754c\uff1f\u6291\u6216\u9019\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u518d\u4f86\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u9663\u75db\u9810\u5146\uff08\u53ef\u5341\u4e098\uff09\uff1f\u5169\u8005\u7686\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u80af\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u89e3\u91cb\u7576\u4f5c\u771f\u7406\u53bb\u6559\u5c0e\u4eba\u3002\u8207\u5176\u63d0\u51fa\u7121\u6cd5\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5207\u5be6\u9075\u884c\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae029\u7bc0\u7684\u6559\u8a13\uff1a\u300c\u96b1\u7955\u7684\u4e8b\u662f\u5c6c\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u2500\u2500\u6211\u5011\u795e\u7684\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u660e\u986f\u7684\u4e8b\u662f\u6c38\u9060\u5c6c\u6211\u5011\u548c\u6211\u5011\u5b50\u5b6b\u7684\uff0c\u597d\u53eb\u6211\u5011\u9075\u884c\u9019\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u8a71\u3002\u300d\u540c\u6a23\uff0c<b>\u795e\u5bb9\u8a31\u6216\u4fc3\u4f7f\u707d\u798d\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u4e5f\u8a31\u96b1\u800c\u4e0d\u986f\uff1b\u4f46\u7942\u5429\u5490\u6211\u5011\u5e6b\u52a9\u6709\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u9019\u65e8\u610f\u5df2\u6e05\u695a\u986f\u660e\u4e86<\/b>\u3002<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3><p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>1<\/sup> \u201cNumber of COVID-19 deaths reported to WHO\u201d\u3014\u7db2\u4e0a\u8cc7\u6599\u3015\uff1b\u53d6\u81ea\u4e16\u754c\u885b\u751f\u7d44\u7e54\uff08World Health Organization\uff09\u7db2\u9801\uff08https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/deaths\uff09\uff1b\u700f\u89bd\u65bc2026\u5e742\u670813\u65e5\u3002<br \/><sup>2<\/sup> Hans-Georg Gadamer, <em>Reason in the Age of Science<\/em>, trans. Grederick G. Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), 121.<\/p><p><\/p><p align=\"right\"><b>\uff08\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff1a\u9673\u79c0\u5a9a\uff09<\/b><\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Why Does It Happen? <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000It is not uncommon for people to ask, \u201cWhy?\u201d when something bad happens. Actually, in many cases, the immediate causes are known. According to the World Health Organization, as of January 25, 2026, 7,110,188 people have died from COVID-19. <sup>1<\/sup> Closer to home, the official figure of people who died in the Wang Fuk Court fire is 168. Both disasters impact Hong Kong residents deeply, but their causes are not unknown. The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Quite a number of causes for the fire at Tai Po have been identified, and none of them is mysterious or unfathomable. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000So, why do we ask why even when we know the immediate cause of a disaster? I think the reason is that we want to know the deeper meaning of a disaster rather than just the cause. <em><strong>In other words, we want to know why God allowed or even caused it to happen. <\/em><\/strong> In the Bible, God communicates his will through angels, prophets, visions, or dreams. He may also appear to convey his words. So, there was no ambiguity. Nevertheless, these events are beyond human control; this was the case in the Bible and is certainly the case today. Thus, we cannot depend on them to explain why a disaster happens today. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000A readily accessible and authoritative source of information is the Bible, which gives us quite a lot of explanations about why disasters happen. They include attacks by evil spirits (e.g., Job), the sinfulness of humanity (e.g., Jgs 19-21), foolish decisions of people involved (Prv 10:14; 14:16), and judgment of God (Dt 28:15-68). Ecclesiastes 9:12 states that a life-threatening disaster (lit. \u201cevil time\u201d) may befall anyone suddenly without warning. That is, disaster is a norm in this fallen world and may require no further explanation. More positively, some disasters may be permitted as a means of teaching or training us in righteousness (Dt 8:1-3; 1 Pt 1:6-7). We may also be called to suffer for the sake of God\u2019s Kingdom (Mt 5:10-12). They are all legitimate answers, but the problem is that we may not know which of these is the correct answer in a specific situation. Moreover, we may be mistaken even if we think we know. This was the case with Job\u2019s friends. They thought they knew, but they were wrong. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>The Meaning of a Disaster<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000<em><strong>I think that in searching for the meaning of a disaster, we should begin with the immediate cause since it may also be the meaning. <\/em><\/strong> For example, if a person commits a sin, a crime, or something foolish that brings a disaster on himself (and perhaps on others), he should repent of his sin, crime, or foolishness. There is no need to look for a deeper meaning. This step is important to prevent the disaster from happening again. However, <em><strong>if the immediate cause is not obvious, forcing an explanation is counterproductive<\/em><\/strong>. It won\u2019t prevent the disaster from recurring. Moreover, it is unjust to blame an innocent person for wrongdoing. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000This brings us back to Job\u2019s friends. Their theology was not wrong. The notion that God rewards those who keep his words but punishes those who disobey is found in the Bible (e.g., Dt 28; Jgs 3:7-8). It was their application of that theology to Job that was wrong. Wrong application is more difficult to correct than wrong interpretation because it is a subjective decision. Although the Bible offers many explanations for disasters and suffering, it is not easy to decide which of these explanations (if any) is correct in a specific situation. As Hans-Georg Gadamer, quoting Immanuel Kant, says, \u201cThere are no rules governing the reasonable use of rules.\u201d <sup>2<\/sup> We don\u2019t have another Bible to teach us how to use the Bible. This warns us that <em><strong>even when our interpretation is correct, we may still make a mistake in application<\/em><\/strong>. This is why Bible study is not just concerned about historical information, grammatical analyses, and theological knowledge. We also need the guidance of the Holy Spirit and discernment to appropriate it correctly in our lives. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Another Approach<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000Another approach to disaster was taken by Ruth and Boaz in the Book of Ruth. Unlike Job\u2019s friends, Ruth did not try to explain the reason Naomi lost her husband and sons. Instead, she accompanied Naomi back to Bethlehem to take care of her. Similarly, Boaz did not try to explain the tragedy that befell Naomi and Ruth. Instead, he helped them get food and later became their kinsman redeemer. Just because we cannot give an explanation for a disaster does not mean we can do nothing. On the contrary, we can do many practical things to help the victims. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000So, should we attempt to find deeper meanings in a disaster? I think that for most people, it means whether there are any spiritual lessons we can learn from it. This is a subjective perception. There is no reason why we cannot learn spiritual lessons from a disaster, even if we are not personally involved; more so, if we are personally involved. At another level, if the question is whether we can discern God\u2019s will in the disaster, we should be wary. Was God punishing this world through COVID-19 because of its wickedness? Or was it the birth pangs heralding the Second Coming of Christ (Mk 13:8)? They are both possible, but we can\u2019t be sure. Therefore, we should not teach them as truths. Instead of offering uncertain explanations, we do well to heed the teachings of Deuteronomy 29:29, which says, \u201cThe secret things belong to the LORD our God, but the things that are revealed belong to us and to our children forever, that we may do all the words of this law\u201d (ESV). Similarly, <em><strong>God\u2019s will in allowing or causing a disaster to happen may be hidden from us, but his will for us to help those in need is clearly manifested<\/em><\/strong>. <\/p> \n<h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>1<\/sup> \u201cNumber of COVID-19 Deaths Reported to WHO\u201d [data online]; available form World Health Organization website (https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/deaths); accessed 13 February 2026.<br \/>\n<sup>2<\/sup> Hans-Georg Gadamer, <em>Reason in the Age of Science<\/em>, trans. Grederick G. Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), 121.<p><!-- \/wp:post-content --><\/p><!-- \/wp:freeform --><\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><p><img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"828\" height=\"206\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%93%B7%E5%8F%96%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2-2026-04-08-095036.jpg?resize=828%2C206&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%93%B7%E5%8F%96%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2-2026-04-08-095036.jpg?w=828&amp;ssl=1 828w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%93%B7%E5%8F%96%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2-2026-04-08-095036.jpg?resize=300%2C75&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%93%B7%E5%8F%96%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2-2026-04-08-095036.jpg?resize=768%2C191&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%93%B7%E5%8F%96%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2-2026-04-08-095036.jpg?resize=18%2C4&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 828px) 100vw, 828px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<style>.elementor-element-e4691bf{display:none !important}<\/style>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d><font face=\"\u6a19\u6977\u9ad4\">\u6642\u4ee3\u7d1b\u4e82\uff0c\u707d\u96e3\u983b\u4ecd\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u9762\u5c0d\uff1f\u8056\u7d93\u6216\u795e\u5b78\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u63d0\u9192\u6216\u5b89\u6170\uff1f\u6211\u5011\u9080\u8acb\u4e86\u591a\u4f4d\u8001\u5e2b\u5f9e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u63a2\u8a0e\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d><font face=\"comic sans ms\">In an age marked by turmoil and disaster, how should Christians respond? What counsel and consolation does God\u2019s Word and theology give us? To explore these questions from diverse perspectives, we have invited some of our faculty members to share their reflections. <\/font><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h2><strong>\u6642\u9593\u662f\u795e\u5275\u9020\u7684\u55ce\uff1f\u2014\u2014\u518d\u601d\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u8ad6\u6642\u9593\u7684\u8d77\u6e90<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u6642\u9593\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u88cf\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6975\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u300c\u6642\u9593\u300d\u4e0d\u50c5\u5438\u5f15\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u770b\u5f85\u842c\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u300a\u61fa\u6094\u9304\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u5c07\u6642\u9593\u5167\u7f6e\u65bc\u795e\u7684\u5275\u9020\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u6210\u70ba\u5f8c\u4e16\u63a2\u8a0e\u7269\u7406\u6642\u9593\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u6642\u9593\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u601d\u60f3\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u8b1b\u5ea7\u5c07\u7576\u4ee3\u7406\u8ad6\u7269\u7406\u53ca\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u6642\u9593\u7406\u8ad6\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u7684\u6642\u9593\u8d77\u6e90\u8ad6\uff0c\u5617\u8a66\u5be6\u73fe\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b0\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u6587\u672c\u8a6e\u91cb\u4e0a\u7684\u300c\u8996\u57df\u878d\u5408\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/mZGUMhs3tgdxdXU16\">\u5831\u540d\u8acb\u6309\u6b64<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/mZGUMhs3tgdxdXU16\">\u62a5\u540d\u8bf7\u6309\u6b64<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>Please refer to the <a href=\"\/?p=90639\/\">Chinese page<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?resize=1024%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?resize=12%2C12&amp;ssl=1 12w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?w=1080&amp;ssl=1 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div id=\"overlay41_4\" onclick=\"hide41_4()\">\r\n        <div id=\"content_wrapper_41_4\">\r\n            <div id=\"text_41_4\">\r\n                <ul class=\"display-posts-listing\"><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><p>Please refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/?p=93360\/\">Chinese page<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/QDQfhvCdpDJGr5WU8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u7f51\u4e0a\u62a5\u540d<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/QDQfhvCdpDJGr5WU8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u7db2\u4e0a\u5831\u540d<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/QDQfhvCdpDJGr5WU8\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"727\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah.jpg?resize=727%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?resize=727%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 727w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?resize=213%2C300&amp;ssl=1 213w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C1081&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?resize=1091%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1091w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?resize=1454%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1454w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/HKBTS_627poster_V3_highres_nah-scaled.jpg?w=1818&amp;ssl=1 1818w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 727px) 100vw, 727px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u9ec3\u798f\u5149<\/h4>\u526f\u9662\u9577\uff08\u5b78\u8853\uff09\u3001\u820a\u7d04\u6559\u6388<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u70ba\u4f55\u707d\u798d\u81e8\u5230\uff1f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u7576\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u6703\u554f\u300c\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u8a31\u591a\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e8b\u60c5\u767c\u751f\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u3002\u6839\u64da\u4e16\u754c\u885b\u751f\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u6578\u64da\uff0c\u622a\u81f32026\u5e741\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u5408\u51717,110,188\u4eba\u6b7b\u65bc\u65b0\u51a0\u80ba\u708e\uff08COVID-19\uff09\u3002<sup>1<\/sup> \u8ddd\u96e2\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u8fd1\u7684\u5927\u57d4\u5b8f\u798f\u82d1\u706b\u707d\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6578\u9054168\u4eba\u3002\u9019\u5169\u5834\u707d\u96e3\u90fd\u5c0d\u9999\u6e2f\u5dff\u6c11\u9020\u6210\u6df1\u9060\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8d77\u56e0\u4e26\u975e\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u77e5\u66c9\u3002\u65b0\u51a0\u75ab\u60c5\u662f\u7531\u65b0\u578b\u51a0\u72c0\u75c5\u6bd2SARS-CoV-2\u5f15\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u57d4\u706b\u707d\u5df2\u67e5\u660e\u591a\u9805\u8087\u56e0\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u9805\u662f\u795e\u7955\u83ab\u6e2c\u6216\u7121\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u70ba\u4f55\u6211\u5011\u5373\u4f7f\u77e5\u9053\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u4ecd\u8981\u8ffd\u554f\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u5462\uff1f\u60f3\u5fc5\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u55ae\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u707d\u798d\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\uff0c\u66f4\u6e34\u671b\u660e\u767d\u5176\u6df1\u5c64\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c<b>\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u795e\u5bb9\u8a31\u2015\u2015\u751a\u6216\u4fc3\u4f7f\u2015\u2015\u707d\u798d\u767c\u751f<\/b>\u3002\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u88cf\uff0c\u795e\u900f\u904e\u5929\u4f7f\u3001\u5148\u77e5\u3001\u7570\u8c61\u6216\u5922\u5883\u50b3\u9054\u7942\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5411\u4eba\u986f\u73fe\uff0c\u89aa\u81ea\u50b3\u905e\u7942\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\uff0c\u4e00\u9ede\u4e5f\u4e0d\u542b\u7cca\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u975e\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u638c\u63a7\u2015\u2015\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u88cf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bc4\u671b\u5f9e\u9019\u4e9b\u9014\u5f91\u7372\u5f97\u89e3\u91cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u8056\u7d93\uff0c\u662f\u65e2\u6613\u53d6\u5f97\u4e14\u5177\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u5c0d\u707d\u798d\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8a31\u591a\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5305\u62ec\u90aa\u9748\u7684\u653b\u64ca\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7d04\u4f2f\u8a18\uff09\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7f6a\u6027\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u58eb\u5341\u4e5d\uff5e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\uff09\u3001\u76f8\u95dc\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u611a\u6627\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff08\u7bb4\u534114\uff0c\u5341\u56db16\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u795e\u7684\u5be9\u5224\uff08\u7533\u4e8c\u5341\u516b15-68\uff09\u3002\u50b3\u9053\u66f8\u4e5d\u7ae012\u7bc0\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5371\u53ca\u751f\u547d\u7684\u707d\u798d\uff08\u539f\u6587\u4f5c\u300c\u60e1\u6642\u300d\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6beb\u7121\u9810\u8b66\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5ffd\u7136\u81e8\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u58ae\u843d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u707d\u96e3\u662f\u5e38\u614b\uff0c\u7121\u9700\u591a\u52a0\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u5f9e\u8f03\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u795e\u5bb9\u8a31\u67d0\u4e9b\u707d\u798d\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u85c9\u6b64\u6559\u5c0e\u6216\u8a13\u7df4\u6211\u5011\u5b78\u7fa9\uff08\u7533\u516b1-3\uff1b\u5f7c\u524d\u4e006-7\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u9019\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8499\u53ec\u70ba\u795e\u570b\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u82e6\uff08\u592a\u4e9410-12\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5168\u90fd\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u4f46<b>\u554f\u984c\u662f\u6211\u5011\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u5920\u8fa8\u660e\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u500b\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u54ea\u500b\u624d\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u89e3\u7b54<\/b>\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u70ba\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f04\u932f\u4e86\u3002\u7d04\u4f2f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4fbf\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u77e5\u9053\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u8ab0\u77e5\u662f\u770b\u932f\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u63a2\u5c0b\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u610f\u7fa9<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000<b>\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u63a2\u5c0b\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u6642\uff0c\u8a72\u5148\u8abf\u67e5\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8087\u56e0\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e5f\u8a31\u5c31\u662f\u610f\u7fa9\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/b>\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u82e5\u6709\u4eba\u72af\u7f6a\u3001\u72af\u6cd5\u6216\u505a\u4e86\u611a\u6627\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u62db\u81f4\u707d\u798d\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u798d\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u61c9\u8a72\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7f6a\u60e1\u3001\u904e\u72af\u6216\u611a\u6627\u800c\u6094\u6539\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u5c0b\u6c42\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u6b64\u8209\u5c0d\u65bc\u9632\u6b62\u707d\u96e3\u91cd\u6f14\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4f46<b>\u5047\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u8087\u56e0\u4e26\u4e0d\u660e\u78ba\uff0c\u5f37\u4f5c\u89e3\u91cb\u5247\u6703\u9069\u5f97\u5176\u53cd<\/b>\uff0c\u7121\u52a9\u65bc\u963b\u6b62\u707d\u96e3\u91cd\u6f14\u3002\u6cc1\u4e14\uff0c\u5c07\u904e\u5931\u6b78\u548e\u65bc\u7121\u8f9c\u8005\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u6b20\u516c\u5141\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9808\u518d\u8ac7\u8ac7\u7d04\u4f2f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u6c92\u6709\u51fa\u932f\u2015\u2015\u795e\u734e\u8cde\u9075\u884c\u7942\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u61f2\u7f70\u9055\u80cc\u8005\uff0c\u9019\u89c0\u5ff5\u53ef\u898b\u65bc\u8056\u7d93\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7533\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\uff1b\u58eb\u4e097-8\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u662f\u628a\u9019\u500b\u795e\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u5957\u7528\u5728\u7d04\u4f2f\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u61c9\u7528\u932f\u8aa4\u6bd4\u8a6e\u91cb\u932f\u8aa4\u66f4\u96e3\u7cfe\u6b63\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u500b\u4e3b\u89c0\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u8056\u7d93\u70ba\u707d\u798d\u548c\u82e6\u96e3\u63d0\u4f9b\u8a31\u591a\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u5224\u65b7\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u500b\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u54ea\u500b\u89e3\u91cb\uff08\u5982\u6709\uff09\u65b9\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4f3d\u9054\u9ed8\u723e\uff08Hans-Georg Gadamer\uff09\u5f15\u8ff0\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff08Immanuel Kant\uff09\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u898f\u5247\u898f\u7bc4\u6211\u5011\u5408\u7406\u5730\u904b\u7528\u898f\u5247\u3002\u300d<sup>2<\/sup> \u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u672c\u8056\u7d93\u6559\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u7528\u8056\u7d93\u3002\u9019\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\uff1a<b>\u5373\u4f7f\u8a6e\u91cb\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u5728\u61c9\u7528\u6642\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u932f\u3002<\/b>\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7814\u8b80\u8056\u7d93\u4e0d\u50c5\u95dc\u4e4e\u6b77\u53f2\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u9084\u9700\u8981\u8056\u9748\u5f15\u5c0e\u548c\u8fa8\u8b58\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5c07\u771f\u7406\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u61c9\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f0f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u9762\u5c0d\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u8def\u5f97\u8a18\u4e2d\u7684\u8def\u5f97\u548c\u6ce2\u963f\u65af\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u61c9\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u7d04\u4f2f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u8def\u5f97\u6c92\u6709\u8a66\u5716\u89e3\u91cb\u62ff\u4fc4\u7c73\u70ba\u4f55\u5931\u53bb\u4e08\u592b\u548c\u5169\u500b\u5152\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u966a\u4f34\u5979\u8fd4\u56de\u4f2f\u5229\u6046\uff0c\u6089\u5fc3\u7167\u9867\u5979\u3002\u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u6ce2\u963f\u65af\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u5617\u8a66\u89e3\u91cb\u60b2\u5287\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u751f\u5728\u62ff\u4fc4\u7c73\u548c\u8def\u5f97\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5354\u52a9\u5979\u5011\u7372\u53d6\u7ce7\u98df\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u66f4\u6210\u70ba\u5979\u5011\u7684\u300c\u89aa\u5c6c\u8d16\u8005\u300d\uff08kinsman redeemer\uff09\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u707d\u798d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u7121\u80fd\u70ba\u529b\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5f88\u591a\u5be6\u4e8b\u53bb\u5e6b\u52a9\u53d7\u707d\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u63a2\u6c42\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u6df1\u5c64\u610f\u7fa9\u55ce\uff1f\u6211\u60f3\u5c0d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u601d\u662f\u5f9e\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6c72\u53d6\u751a\u9ebc\u5c6c\u9748\u6559\u8a13\u3002\u9019\u6d89\u53ca\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u9818\u53d7\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u89aa\u8eab\u7d93\u6b77\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4e2d\u9818\u609f\u5c6c\u9748\u7684\u529f\u8ab2\uff1b\u82e5\u89aa\u6b77\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8aaa\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6307\u53e6\u4e00\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5426\u5728\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u8fa8\u8b58\u795e\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u61c9\u7576\u8b39\u614e\u4e86\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e16\u4ee3\u90aa\u60e1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u795e\u85c9\u65b0\u51a0\u75c5\u6bd2\u4f86\u61f2\u7f70\u4e16\u754c\uff1f\u6291\u6216\u9019\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u518d\u4f86\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u9663\u75db\u9810\u5146\uff08\u53ef\u5341\u4e098\uff09\uff1f\u5169\u8005\u7686\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u80af\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u89e3\u91cb\u7576\u4f5c\u771f\u7406\u53bb\u6559\u5c0e\u4eba\u3002\u8207\u5176\u63d0\u51fa\u7121\u6cd5\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5207\u5be6\u9075\u884c\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae029\u7bc0\u7684\u6559\u8a13\uff1a\u300c\u96b1\u7955\u7684\u4e8b\u662f\u5c6c\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u2500\u2500\u6211\u5011\u795e\u7684\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u660e\u986f\u7684\u4e8b\u662f\u6c38\u9060\u5c6c\u6211\u5011\u548c\u6211\u5011\u5b50\u5b6b\u7684\uff0c\u597d\u53eb\u6211\u5011\u9075\u884c\u9019\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u8a71\u3002\u300d\u540c\u6a23\uff0c<b>\u795e\u5bb9\u8a31\u6216\u4fc3\u4f7f\u707d\u798d\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u4e5f\u8a31\u96b1\u800c\u4e0d\u986f\uff1b\u4f46\u7942\u5429\u5490\u6211\u5011\u5e6b\u52a9\u6709\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u9019\u65e8\u610f\u5df2\u6e05\u695a\u986f\u660e\u4e86<\/b>\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>1<\/sup> \u201cNumber of COVID-19 deaths reported to WHO\u201d\u3014\u7db2\u4e0a\u8cc7\u6599\u3015\uff1b\u53d6\u81ea\u4e16\u754c\u885b\u751f\u7d44\u7e54\uff08World Health Organization\uff09\u7db2\u9801\uff08https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/deaths\uff09\uff1b\u700f\u89bd\u65bc2026\u5e742\u670813\u65e5\u3002<br \/>\n<sup>2<\/sup> Hans-Georg Gadamer, <em>Reason in the Age of Science<\/em>, trans. Grederick G. Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), 121.<p><\/p>\n<p align=\"right\"><b>\uff08\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff1a\u9673\u79c0\u5a9a\uff09<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Experiencing God\u2019s Love<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church\u2019s condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God\u2019s love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Awakening My Heart for Missions<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people\u2014alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church\u2019s electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls\u2019 dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Later, the children\u2019s pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo\u2019s \u201cWater Melody\u201d and Li Houzhu\u2019s \u201cLady Yu.\u201d Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Embracing the Missionary Vision<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. <em><strong>Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices! <\/strong><\/em><\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of \u201cestablishing oneself at thirty\u201d: <em><strong>First, I asked myself, \u201cWhy does the Lord give me all these gifts?\u201d Then, I asked myself, \u201cWhy have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?\u201d <\/strong><\/em> Thus, I resolved to answer God\u2019s call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!<\/p>\t\t\n                                <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M480 160H32c-17.673 0-32-14.327-32-32V64c0-17.673 14.327-32 32-32h448c17.673 0 32 14.327 32 32v64c0 17.673-14.327 32-32 32zm-48-88c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm-64 0c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm112 248H32c-17.673 0-32-14.327-32-32v-64c0-17.673 14.327-32 32-32h448c17.673 0 32 14.327 32 32v64c0 17.673-14.327 32-32 32zm-48-88c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm-64 0c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm112 248H32c-17.673 0-32-14.327-32-32v-64c0-17.673 14.327-32 32-32h448c17.673 0 32 14.327 32 32v64c0 17.673-14.327 32-32 32zm-48-88c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24zm-64 0c-13.255 0-24 10.745-24 24s10.745 24 24 24 24-10.745 24-24-10.745-24-24-24z\"><\/path><\/svg>                            \n                    <h2 >\n                        \u5927\u57d4\u5b8f\u798f\u82d1\u706b\u707d                    <\/h2>\n                    <p >\n                        \u5927\u57d4\u5b8f\u798f\u82d1\u706b\u707d                    <\/p>\n                                <a \n                                    href=\"\"\n                                                                                                        >\n                                            Learn More                                        \n                                                                                                        <\/a><!-- \/wp:post-content --><\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u6797\u5929\u7950<\/h4>\n<p>\u65b0\u7d04\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388<\/p>\n<h4>Daniel Lam<\/h4>\n<p>Assistant Professor of New Testament<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-6.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u518d\u601d\u4fdd\u7f85\u7b46\u4e0b\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fdd\u7f85\u5beb\u5e0c\u81d8\u6587\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\uff08\u97f3\u8b6f\uff1a\u666e\u7d10\u746a \/ <em>pneuma<\/em>\uff09\u4e00\u8a5e\u6642\uff0c\u5fc3\u4e2d\u6240\u6307\u7684\u662f\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u5c0d\u5927\u591a\u6578\u73fe\u4ee3\u8b80\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u4f3c\u4e4e\u975e\u5e38\u7c21\u55ae\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u9748\u6216\u8056\u9748\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5373\u4e09\u4e00\u795e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4f4d\u683c\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u8cdc\u4eba\u5b89\u6170\u3001\u4f7f\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u3001\u6eff\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u795e\u8056\u65bd\u52d5\u8005\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5c31\u60f3\u8d77\u9019\u500b\u795e\u5b78\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u604d\u5982\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff1b\u8b80\u8005\u548c\u8b6f\u8005\u90fd\u5e7e\u4e4e\u672c\u80fd\u5730\u5982\u6b64\u7406\u89e3\u3002<b>\u4f46\u8fd1\u5e74\u6709\u4eba\u537b\u8cea\u7591\u8a72\u5426\u628a\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u8b6f\u4f5c\u300c\u9748\u300d\u3002\u672c\u6587\u65e8\u5728\u63a2\u8a0e\u9019\u4e9b\u7570\u8b70\uff0c\u4e26\u63a2\u7d22\u4ee5\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ffb\u8b6f\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u4e00\u8a5e\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u73fe\u4ee3\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6b77\u4f86\u5c55\u73fe\u51fa\u795e\u5b78\u9032\u8def\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u9032\u8def\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5f35\u529b\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\uff0c\u889e\u514b\u723e\uff08Hermann Gunkel\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c07\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u5f9e\u5176\u820a\u7d04\u53ca\u5e0c\u81d8\u5316\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5272\u88c2\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u653e\u9032\u300c\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u6b64\u8209\u5f71\u97ff\u6df1\u9060\uff0c\u56e0\u9019\u6846\u67b6\u5f8c\u4f86\u7531\u5e03\u7279\u66fc\uff08Rudolf Bultmann\uff09\u548c\u84cb\u58eb\u66fc\uff08Ernst K\u00e4semann\uff09\u7b49\u5de8\u64d8\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u6df1\u5177\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u7279\u8272\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u978f\u56fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u9748\u610f\u300d\u8a6e\u91cb\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u5167\u5728\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u9ad4\u9a57\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5b78\u8853\u6d41\u6d3e\u88cf\uff0c\u9748\u5c31\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5167\u5728\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u9019\u537b\u5f80\u5f80\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5176\u5b87\u5b99\u5c64\u9762\u548c\u5f62\u9ad4\u5c64\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u6709\u5b78\u8005\u5805\u6301\u63a1\u7528\u8f03\u6709\u6b77\u53f2\u6839\u64da\u7684\u300c\u7269\u7406\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\uff08\u201cphysicalist\u201d\uff09\u89e3\u8b80\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<b>\u6234\u723e\u2027\u99ac\u4e01<\/b>\uff08Dale Martin\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u8eab\u9ad4\u8ad6\u300b\uff08<em>The Corinthian Body<\/em>, 1995\uff09\u5177\u6709\u958b\u5275\u6027\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u95e1\u660e\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u807d\u773e\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f9e\u6574\u9ad4\u6027\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u5b87\u5b99\u89c0\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u8eab\u9ad4\u548c\u9748\uff1b\u5728\u9019\u5b87\u5b99\u89c0\u88cf\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u8207\u9748\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u7e54\u3002\u5176\u5f8c\uff0c<b>\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee<\/b>\uff08Troels Engberg-Pedersen\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u8207\u81ea\u6211\u300b\uff08<em>Cosmology and Self in the Apostle Paul<\/em>, 2010\uff09\u4e00\u66f8\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u8a72\u5f9e\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08Stoic\uff09\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u89e3\u8b80\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u5177\u667a\u6167\u4e4b\u300c\u6c23\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u69cb\u6210\u4e26\u806f\u5408\u842c\u7269\u7684\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u6a19\u8a8c\u8457\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u8f49\u5411\uff0c\u5b78\u8005\u958b\u59cb\u8a8d\u771f\u5c0d\u5f85\u4fdd\u7f85\u6240\u5c55\u73fe\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u89c0\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u64f1\u4e0b\u300c\u5f8c\u7b1b\u5361\u5152\u300d\uff08post-Cartesian\uff09\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff1a\u8996\u300c\u9748\u300d\u70ba\u975e\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u611f\u53d7\uff1b\u4e26\u4e14\u91cd\u62fe\u53e4\u6642\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u8996\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u70ba\u5be6\u9ad4\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u5b78\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8981\u91cd\u62fe\u9019\u500b\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u6700\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u9470\u5319\u5c31\u662f\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u90a3\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u8eab\u8655\u7684\u5e0c\u81d8\u7f85\u99ac\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e3b\u5c0e\u601d\u60f3\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u2015\u2015\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u7269\u8cea\uff1f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5c0d\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u4e26\u975e\u9748\u9b42\u6216\u975e\u7269\u8cea\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u6027\u7684\u751f\u547d\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u6c23\u8207\u706b\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u9ad4\uff0c\u5177\u667a\u6167\u7684\uff0c\u6ef2\u900f\u842c\u7269\u4e26\u69cb\u6210\u6574\u500b\u5b87\u5b99\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u7e69\u7d22\u7684\u5f35\u529b\u3001\u690d\u7269\u7684\u751f\u9577\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7406\u6027\u601d\u7dad\u3001\u661f\u8fb0\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u9019\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u65e2\u795e\u8056\u53c8\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e14\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u69cb\u6210\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u5c64\u7d1a\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff08hierarchy of being\uff09\uff0c\u5f9e\u6c89\u91cd\u5805\u5be6\u7684\u5ca9\u77f3\u5230\u865b\u7121\u98c4\u6e3a\u7684\u795e\u660e\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u8207\u795e\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u903e\u8d8a\u7684\u9d3b\u6e9d\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u807d\u773e\u2015\u2015\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u6216\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u2015\u2015\u90fd\u6c89\u6d78\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u601d\u60f3\u6c1b\u570d\u3002\u7576\u4fdd\u7f85\u8ac7\u8ad6\u666e\u7d10\u746a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u806f\u60f3\u8d77\u9019\u5b87\u5b99\u6027\u3001\u8ce6\u4e88\u751f\u547d\u529b\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c<b>\u5c07\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u6163\u6027\u5730\u8b6f\u505a\u7121\u5f62\u7121\u9ad4\u7684\u300c\u8056\u9748\u300d\uff0c\u5be6\u5c6c\u6642\u4ee3\u932f\u7f6e\uff0c\u628a\u5fc3\u9748\u8207\u8eab\u9ad4\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u89c0\u5ff5\u5f15\u5165\u7d93\u6587\uff1b\u9019\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u964c\u751f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5<\/b>\u3002\u8981\u6b63\u78ba\u89e3\u8b80\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u6309\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u9019\u500b\u6709\u95dc\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u7528\u8a9e\uff1a\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u53ef\u50be\u6d41\uff0c\u53ef\u98f2\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u704c\u6ce8\uff1b\u5b83\u662f\u6709\u5f62\u6709\u9ad4\u7684\u5be6\u5728\uff0c\u80fd\u7531\u5167\u800c\u5916\u8f49\u5316\u4fe1\u5f92\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<b>\u5f9e\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u7269\u8cea\u89c0\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u53bb\u770b\u666e\u7d10\u746a\uff0c\u5c07\u5fb9\u5e95\u91cd\u5851\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u8b80\u90a3\u4e9b\u719f\u6089\u7684\u7d93\u6587\u3002<\/b>\u5148\u770b<b>\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u524d\u66f8\u5341\u4e94\u7ae044\u81f345\u7bc0<\/b>\u4fdd\u7f85\u600e\u6a23\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u3002\u6b64\u8655\u4fdd\u7f85\u5c07\u6b7b\u53bb\u7684\u300c\u8840\u8089\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u300d\uff08\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\uff09\u8207\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u300c\u9748\u6027\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u300d\uff08\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\uff09\u4f5c\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u9707\u64bc\u5730\u5ba3\u8a00\uff1a\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u300c\u8cdc\u751f\u547d\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300d\uff08\u548c\u5408\u672c\uff1a\u300c\u53eb\u4eba\u6d3b\u7684\u9748\u300d\uff09\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\u5c07\u300c\u9748\u6027\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u300d\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u6eff\u6709\u69ae\u8000\u3001\u6c38\u4e0d\u673d\u58de\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u8056\u9748\u5f15\u5c0e\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u57fa\u7763\u6216\u662f\u64c1\u6709\u8056\u9748\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u8207\u8056\u9748\u540c\u884c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u898b\u89e3\uff0c\u5c07\u9019\u5169\u7bc0\u7d93\u6587\u9023\u7e6b\u65bc\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u5341\u4e94\u7ae040\u81f341\u7bc0\u6709\u95dc\u65e5\u6708\u7b49\u5929\u9ad4\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u300c\u9748\u6027\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u300d\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u300c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u7269\u8cea\u300d\uff08<em>pneuma<\/em>-stuff\uff09\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u8ec0\u9ad4\uff0c\u9019\u597d\u50cf\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u5c0d\u661f\u8fb0\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u661f\u8fb0\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u9019\u7a2e\u7cbe\u7d14\u3001\u795e\u8056\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u7d44\u6210\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u4f5c\u70ba\u300c\u672b\u5f8c\u7684\u4e9e\u7576\u300d\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u9818\u53d7\u4e86\u8056\u9748\uff0c\u7942\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5f62\u614b\u5c31\u662f\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u3002\u7942\u6210\u70ba\u90a3\u8ce6\u4e88\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u4e4b\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7269\u8cea\u7d42\u5fc5\u91cd\u69cb\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u5f62\u9ad4\u3002\u6309\u6b64\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u5fa9\u6d3b\u4e0d\u55ae\u662f\u6062\u5fa9\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u8f49\u5316\u8089\u8eab\u6210\u70ba\u5168\u7136\u5d84\u65b0\u3001\u5c6c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u5f62\u614b\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f<b>\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u4e94\u7ae05\u7bc0<\/b>\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u56e0\u70ba\u6240\u8cdc\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8056\u9748\uff08<em>pneuma<\/em>\uff09\u5c07\u795e\u7684\u611b\u6f86\u704c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u5fc3\u88cf\u3002\u300d\uff08\u548c\u5408\u672c\uff09\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\u5c07\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u770b\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u7f8e\u9e97\u7684\u96b1\u55bb\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u8056\u9748\u8ce6\u4e88\u6211\u5011\u5167\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u78ba\u64da\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u6211\u5011\u9818\u53d7\u4e86\u795e\u7684\u611b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6309\u7269\u8cea\u89c0\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\u66f4\u70ba\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u3002\u6839\u64da\u53e4\u4ee3\u91ab\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u300c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u8ad6\u300d\uff08Pneumatism\uff0c\u6216\u8b6f\u4f5c\u300c\u6c23\u8ad6\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u900f\u904e\u547c\u5438\u9032\u5165\u4eba\u9ad4\u7684\u5916\u754c\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u7d93\u5fc3\u81df\u8655\u7406\u5f8c\uff0c\u7531\u52d5\u8108\u8f38\u9001\u5230\u8eab\u9ad4\u5404\u8655\uff0c\u8abf\u63a7\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u7576\u4fdd\u7f85\u8aaa\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u88ab\u300c\u6f86\u704c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u5fc3\u88cf\u300d\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u751f\u7406\u904e\u7a0b\uff1a\u795e\u8056\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u5be6\u8cea\u5730\u6ce8\u5165\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u5fc3\u81df\u4e2d\u6a1e\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u6027\u5730\u6539\u8b8a\u5176\u9ad4\u8cea\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u6309\u7167\u795e\u7684\u611b\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6539\u8b8a\u540c\u6642\u6d89\u53ca\u8a8d\u77e5\u548c\u8eab\u9ad4\uff0c\u662f\u6574\u500b\u4eba\u5167\u5916\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u8f49\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\uff1a\u5169\u5927\u6279\u5224<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u89c0\u9ede\u65e5\u76ca\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u8996\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u7269\u8cea\u89c0\u8ad6\u8ff0\u537b\u906d\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u9802\u5c16\u5b78\u8005\u6279\u8a55\u3002\u5df4\u514b\u79ae\uff08John Barclay\uff09\u53ca\u5229\u7dad\u68ee\uff08John Levison\uff09\u7cbe\u6e96\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4e2d\u7684\u5f35\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<b>\u5df4\u514b\u79ae<\/b>\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u5c64\u9762\u5341\u5206\u7cbe\u78ba\u56b4\u5bc6\uff0c\u537b\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4fdd\u7f85\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5fb9\u5e95\u3001\u985b\u8986\u6027\u7684\u5d84\u65b0\u3002\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u4e26\u975e\u5148\u5b58\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u6027\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u50c5\u662f\u5f9e\u5929\u4e0a\u50b3\u9001\u5230\u5730\u4e0a\uff1b\u5b83\u4e43\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5fa9\u6d3b\u6240\u91cb\u653e\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u7d42\u672b\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u662f\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u300c\u65b0\u5275\u9020\u300d\uff08\u6797\u5f8c\u4e9417\uff09\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u524d\u66f8\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0\uff0c\u5df4\u514b\u79ae\u99c1\u65a5\u90a3\u660e\u78ba\u6307\u7a31\u65e5\u3001\u6708\u3001\u661f\u8fb0\u7b49\u300c\u5929\u9ad4\u300d\u70ba\u300c\u9748\u6027\u7684 \/ \u7531\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u300d\u4e4b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f35\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u662f\u5f37\u8abf\u795e\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u80fd\u8ce6\u4e88\u842c\u7269\u5404\u6709\u5176\u5f62\u9ad4\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u52fe\u52d2\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u968e\u68af\uff08<em>scala naturae<\/em>\uff0c\u5373\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u5c64\u7d1a\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff09\u3002\u7b2c45\u7bc0\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u8cdc\u751f\u547d\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300d\u662f\u6307\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u5927\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u6027\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u5df4\u514b\u79ae\u8b66\u544a\u8aaa\uff0c\u82e5\u5c07\u5176\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u7269\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u5247\u7121\u7570\u65bc\u5c07\u5fa9\u6d3b\u8cb6\u4f4e\u70ba\u300c\u5c0d\u65e2\u6709\u5b87\u5b99\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u7d44\u5408\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c07\u300c\u9748\u6027\u8207\u7269\u8cea\u300d\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u6982\u5ff5\u52a0\u8af8\u4fdd\u7f85\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u9ede\u537b\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u6642\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u97f3\u8b6f\uff08\u300c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300d\uff09\u6b63\u597d\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u66ab\u6642\u64f1\u4e0b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u9810\u8a2d\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u8046\u807d\u4fdd\u7f85\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u672c\u610f\u3002\u904b\u7528\u9019\u500b\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u898b\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u7576\u6642\u6700\u80fd\u8868\u9054\u8f49\u5316\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u7528\u8a9e\u2015\u2015\u4e00\u7a2e\u795e\u8056\u3001\u8f49\u5316\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u2015\u2015\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u88cf\u7684\u65b0\u751f\u547d\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7121\u9808\u56e0\u800c\u65b7\u8a00\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u6216\u5c07\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u8996\u70ba\u300c\u50c5\u50c5\u300d\u91ab\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u300c\u6c23\u300d\u3002\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u8868\u660e\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u904b\u7528\u4e86\u9019\u5957\u6982\u5ff5\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4f86\u95e1\u8ff0\u90a3\u96e3\u4ee5\u8a00\u55bb\u7684\u300c\u5d84\u65b0\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5df4\u514b\u79ae\u60f3\u8981\u7dad\u8b77\u7684\u3002\u9019\u300c\u5d84\u65b0\u300d\u5728\u65bc\u795e\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u88cf\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u6551\u8d16\u884c\u52d5\uff1b\u4f46\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u537b\u7528\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<b>\u5229\u7dad\u68ee<\/b>\u5247\u8d0a\u540c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u5177\u6709\u5be6\u8cea\u6027\u7684\u7dad\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u6279\u8a55\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u904b\u7528\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\u6709\u9078\u64c7\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u751a\u81f3\u986f\u5f97\u727d\u5f37\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5ffd\u8996\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7336\u592a\u50b3\u7d71\u89c0\u5ff5\u6709\u66f4\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u5c0d\u61c9\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u4ed6\u7279\u5225\u63d0\u51fa\u5169\u9805\u7591\u616e\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u63f4\u5f15\u7684\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u7bc4\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5b87\u5b99\u5927\u706b\uff08\u1f14\u03ba\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2\uff09\u6216\u897f\u585e\u7f85\uff08Cicero\uff09\u5c0d\u5360\u535c\u7684\u96a8\u7b46\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u529b\u5730\u89e3\u91cb\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u5728\u4fe1\u5f92\u8eab\u4e0a\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u8f49\u5316\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u5c0d\u555f\u793a\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8a18\u8ff0\u5fb7\u723e\u6590\u57ce\uff08Delphi\uff09\u7684\u795e\u8aed\u6642\uff0c\u662f\u5c07\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u63cf\u7e6a\u70ba\u5730\u8868\u7684\u84b8\u6c23\u6216\u5fae\u98a8\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5ba3\u8b1b\u6642\u5728\u8a71\u8a9e\u4e2d\u6d41\u52d5\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u66f4\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u5f88\u5c11\u89f8\u53ca\u7336\u592a\u7d93\u5178\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u63cf\u5beb\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u662f\u65e2\u5177\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u3002\u4ed6\u5217\u8209\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u90a3\u964d\u81e8\u5728\u773e\u9577\u8001\u8eab\u4e0a\u3001\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u7ba1\u6cbb\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u300c\u9748\u300d\uff08\u6c11\u5341\u4e0025\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4f46\u4ee5\u7406\u88cf\u982d\u90a3\u4f7f\u4eba\u6709\u667a\u6167\u7684\u300c\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u9748\u300d\uff08\u4f46\u4e9412\uff0c\u548c\u5408\u672c\u4f5c\u300c\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u9748\u6027\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u50ac\u8feb\u4ee5\u5229\u6236\u5410\u9732\u667a\u6167\u4e4b\u8a00\u7684\u300c\u9748\u300d\uff08\u4f2f\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c18-20\uff09\u3002\u6b7b\u6d77\u53e4\u5377\u4e5f\u63cf\u7e6a\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u9748\u8f49\u5316\u4e26\u6388\u4e88\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u7fa4\u9ad4\u3002\u5c0d\u5229\u7dad\u68ee\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8207\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7336\u592a\u601d\u60f3\u9ad4\u7cfb\u624d\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u3001\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u80cc\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u66ab\u4e14\u6487\u958b\u5229\u7dad\u68ee\u90a3\u932f\u5c07\u7336\u592a\u6559\u8207\u5e0c\u81d8\u7f85\u99ac\u4e16\u754c\u5272\u88c2\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\uff08\u53c3\u4ea8\u683c\u723e\u8457\u300a\u7336\u592a\u6559\u8207\u5e0c\u81d8\u5316\u300b\u3014Martin Hengel, <em>Judaism and Hellenism<\/em>\u3015\uff0c\u8a72\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u7121\u6cd5\u5c07\u7336\u592a\u6559\u8207\u5176\u5468\u906d\u6587\u5316\u5206\u5272\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u53ef\u9867\u53ca\u5229\u7dad\u68ee\u7684\u7591\u616e\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u53c8\u4fdd\u7559\u7269\u8cea\u89c0\u7684\u6d1e\u898b\u3002\u5728\u6574\u500b\u5e0c\u81d8\u5316\u4e16\u754c\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7336\u592a\u5730\u5340\uff09\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u7562\u7adf\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5171\u901a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002\u50cf\u4fdd\u7f85\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5e0c\u81d8\u5316\u7336\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u80fd\u8f15\u6613\u5c07\u7336\u592a\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684<em>ruach<\/em>\uff08\u548c\u5408\u672c\u8b6f\u4f5c\u300c\u9748\u300d\uff0c\u6307\u795e\u6eff\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u8ce6\u4e88\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6c23\uff09\uff0c\u8207\u7576\u4ee3\u91ab\u5b78\u754c\u8996\u666e\u7d10\u746a\uff08<em>pneuma<\/em>\uff0c\u6216\u8b6f\u300c\u6c23\u300d\uff09\u70ba\u8ce6\u4e88\u6d3b\u529b\u3001\u5177\u5f62\u9ad4\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u9019\u7a2e\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u878d\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u82e5\u63a1\u7d0d\u300c\u91ab\u5b78\u4e0a\u300d\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u5e0c\u81d8\u6587\u5316\u300d\u800c\u6368\u68c4\u300c\u7336\u592a\u6587\u5316\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u6d41\u901a\u7684\u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4eba\u53ef\u85c9\u6b64\u7528\u7269\u7406\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u7336\u592a\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u61c9\u5229\u7dad\u68ee\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u7d66\u4e88\u4e00\u500b\u4ee4\u4eba\u6eff\u610f\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\uff1a<b>\u4fdd\u7f85\u7b46\u4e0b\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u53ea\u662f\u6e90\u81ea\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6e90\u65bc\u7336\u592a\u795e\u5b78\u8207\u53e4\u4ee3\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u4e16\u754c\u5ee3\u6cdb\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u91ab\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u5169\u8005\u7684\u878d\u5408<\/b>\u2015\u2015\u9019\u8207\u6590\u7f85\uff08Philo\uff09\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5225\u7121\u4e8c\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u7d9c\u8ad6\uff1a\u95dc\u9375\u4f55\u5728\uff1f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p 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align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5168\u76e4\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u4ed6\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\u9808\u6ce8\u610f\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8a6e\u91cb\u65b9\u5f0f\u904e\u5ea6\u5f37\u8abf\u5176\u8207\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5ef6\u7e8c\u6027\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5145\u5206\u8003\u616e\u4fdd\u7f85\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u5177\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7279\u8cea\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u57fa\u7763\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5fb9\u5e95\u5d84\u65b0\u3002\u5c0d\u7d30\u5fc3\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7372\u53d6\u6700\u900f\u5fb9\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u9014\u5f91\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u6b63\u5728\u65bc\u6301\u5b88\u9019\u7a2e\u5f35\u529b\uff1a\u65e2\u77e5\u9053\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u8a9e\u5883\u4e2d\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u542b\u610f\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u627f\u8a8d\u5176\u5728\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5177\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u8a8d\u771f\u5c0d\u5f85\u9019\u5834\u8faf\u8ad6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6b64\u5fc5\u9808\u6f84\u6e05\uff1a\u8981\u5f9e\u9019\u5834\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7372\u76ca\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7121\u9808\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u5fc5\u65b7\u8a00\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u5b78\u6d3e\u4fe1\u5f92\uff08\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u5f9e\u672a\u5982\u6b64\u8981\u6c42\uff09\u3002\u8eab\u70ba\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u82e5\u91cd\u8996\u795e\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\uff08\u5728\u9019\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5373\u4fdd\u7f85\u5be6\u969b\u8aaa\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u4fdd\u6301\u958b\u653e\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\u6216\u6df1\u5316\u3002\u6069\u8c9d\u683c\u2014\u4f69\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u6216\u8a31\u4e26\u975e\u5168\u7136\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u503c\u5f97\u56b4\u8085\u601d\u8003\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1a<b>\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5c0e\u81f4\u6211\u5011\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4fdd\u7f85\u539f\u672c\u60f3\u8981\u50b3\u9054\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u9762\u5411\uff1f<\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u7ffb\u8b6f\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u6642\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u97f3\u8b6f\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u771f\u5c0d\u5f85\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9019\u6c92\u6709\u5f37\u8feb\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u537b\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u505c\u4e0b\u4f86\u554f\uff1a\u300c\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u6b64\u4f7f\u7528\u300e\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300f\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u6307\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d\u9019\u7a2e\u597d\u767c\u554f\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u529b\u6c42\u66f4\u5fe0\u65bc\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u795e\u7684\u555f\u793a\u6216\u6bd4\u6211\u5011\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u66f4\u70ba\u8c50\u5bcc\u6df1\u9083\uff0c\u4e26\u5bb9\u8a31\u8056\u7d93\u6587\u672c\u6311\u6230\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u55ae\u55ae\u7528\u4f86\u5370\u8b49\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u4ee5\u70ba\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\u7684\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u6642\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u97f3\u8b6f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5177\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u76f8\u7576\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u8ab0\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u807d\u773e\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u5e0c\u81d8\u7f85\u99ac\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u53ca\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u793e\u7fa4\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u6240\u8655\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff08\u65af\u591a\u4e9e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u91ab\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u76db\u884c\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff09\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u807d\u773e\u5c0d\u300c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u9060\u6bd4\u73fe\u4ee3\u8b80\u8005\u66f4\u8cbc\u8fd1\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u7684\u8c50\u5bcc\u6587\u5316\u5167\u6db5\u3002<b>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5c0d\u65bc\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6642\u63a1\u7528\u97f3\u8b6f\uff08\u300c\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u300d\uff09\u800c\u4e0d\u610f\u8b6f\u4f5c\u300c\u9748\u300d\uff0c\u66f4\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u907f\u514d\u6642\u4ee3\u932f\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u5fe0\u5be6\u5730\u9818\u6703\u4fdd\u7f85\u60f3\u8981\u50b3\u9054\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u7e3d\u7d50<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u8aaa\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u6642\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u97f3\u8b6f\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u61f6\u60f0\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u8ff4\u907f\u8b6f\u8005\u7684\u8077\u8cac\uff1b\u9019\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u6df1\u5730\u5fe0\u65bc\u539f\u6587\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3002\u9019\u6fc0\u52f5\u6211\u5011\u6301\u7e8c\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u8b93\u4fdd\u7f85\u89aa\u81ea\u5411\u6211\u5011\u95e1\u660e\u666e\u7d10\u746a\u7684\u771f\u7fa9\u3002\u5728\u9019\u6bb5\u63a2\u7d22\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u50c5\u66f4\u6df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u4fdd\u7f85\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u6df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u90a3\u4f4d\u900f\u904e\u4ed6\u5411\u4eba\u8aaa\u8a71\u7684\u795e\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"right\"><b>\uff08\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff1a\u9673\u79c0\u5a9a\uff09<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Rethinking <em>Pneuma<\/em> in Paul<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000When the Apostle Paul wrote \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1, what did he have in mind? For most modern readers, the answer seems straightforward: human or holy spirit, that is, the Third Person of the Trinity, a divine agent of comfort, conviction, and power. This theological reading is so natural that it feels obvious, and it is almost instinctive to readers and translators. <em><strong>But recently, this translation has been challenged. This article seeks to discuss what those objections are and explore the possibility of translating \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1 differently. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000The history of modern scholarship shows a persistent tension between theological and historical approaches. In the early 20th century, Hermann Gunkel proposed dichotomies that separated Pauline <em>pneuma<\/em> from its Old Testament and Hellenistic Jewish roots and framed it as \u201csupernatural\u201d versus natural. This move proved to be influential as this framework was adopted by important figures like Rudolf Bultmann and Ernst K\u00e4semann, whose deeply Lutheran readings further solidified a \u201cspiritualizing\u201d interpretation that prioritized inner, subjective religious experience. In this stream of scholarship, <em>pneuma<\/em> became synonymous with the inner life of faith, often at the expense of its cosmic and corporeal dimensions.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000At the end of the 20th century, a significant corrective emerged, with scholars who insisted on a more historically grounded, \u201cphysicalist\u201d reading. <em><strong>Dale Martin\u2019s<\/strong><\/em> <em>The Corinthian Body<\/em> (1995) was groundbreaking, showing how Paul\u2019s audience understood bodies and spirits within a holistic ancient cosmology where the physical and spiritual were intertwined. <em><strong>Troels Engberg-Pedersen<\/strong><\/em> then argued in <em>Cosmology and Self in the Apostle Paul<\/em> (2010) for reading Pauline <em>pneuma<\/em> through a Stoic lens, as the cosmic, intelligent \u201cbreath\u201d that constitutes and unifies all matter. These works represent a major shift, taking Paul\u2019s materialism seriously. This means setting aside our post-Cartesian idea of \u201cspirit\u201d as a non-material, private feeling, and recovering the ancient, concrete understanding of <em>pneuma<\/em> as a physical substance. For these scholars, the most helpful key to this recovery is Stoic philosophy, the dominant intellectual framework of Paul\u2019s Greco-Roman world.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Why a Stoic, Material <em>Pneuma<\/em>? <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000For the Stoics, <em>pneuma<\/em> is not a ghost or immaterial being. It is the cosmic life-force, an intelligent mixture of air and fire that permeates and structures the universe. It is the tension in a rope, the growth in a plant, the rational mind of a human, and the substance of the stars. This <em>pneuma<\/em> is divine, rational, and utterly material. It constitutes a hierarchy of being, from dense rocks to rarified gods, with no unbridgeable chasm between the physical and the divine.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Engberg-Pedersen argues that Paul\u2019s audiences\u2014Jew and Gentile alike\u2014breathed this intellectual air. When Paul spoke of <em>pneuma<\/em>, they would have heard echoes of this cosmic, animating substance. <em><strong>The automatic translation of pneuma as a disembodied \u201cSpirit\u201d is therefore an anachronism, importing a modern mind\/body dualism that would have been foreign to Paul. <\/strong><\/em>To read him correctly, Engberg-Pedersen contends, we must take his physical language literally: <em> pneuma<\/em> is a stuff that can be poured, drunk, and infused; it transforms the believer from the inside out via a tangible, physiological reality.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<em><strong>Viewing pneuma through this Stoic, materialist lens dramatically reshapes how we read familiar passages. <\/strong><\/em> Consider first Paul\u2019s discussion of the resurrection body in<em><strong> 1 Corinthians 15:44-45<\/strong><\/em>. Here Paul contrasts the \u201cnatural body\u201d (\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd) sown in death with the \u201cspiritual body\u201d (\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd) raised in life, culminating in his striking declaration that the risen Christ became a \u201clife-giving <em>pneuma<\/em>.\u201d The conventional reading understands the \u201cspiritual body\u201d as a glorified, immortal body oriented by the Holy Spirit, with Christ either possessing the Spirit or being accompanied by him. But Engberg-Pedersen offers a different perspective by connecting this passage to Paul\u2019s earlier mention of heavenly bodies like the sun and moon in 1 Corinthians 15:40-41. He argues that for Paul, a \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd is a body actually made of <em>pneuma<\/em>-stuff, analogous to the Stoic understanding of stars as composed of this refined, divine substance. Thus Christ, as the \u201clast Adam,\u201d has not merely received the Spirit; rather, his resurrected mode of existence is <em>pneuma<\/em> itself. He becomes the source of that life-giving, material substance that will ultimately reconstitute believers. In this reading, resurrection is not merely a restoration of life but a physical transformation into an entirely new, pneumatic order of being.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000A second example comes from <em><strong>Romans 5:5<\/strong><\/em>, where Paul writes that \u201cGod\u2019s love has been poured out into our hearts through the Holy Spirit (<em>pneuma<\/em>) who has been given to us\u201d (NIV). The conventional reading takes this as a beautiful metaphor for the internal, emotional assurance of God\u2019s love provided by the Holy Spirit. But the materialist reading reveals something more literal. Following ancient medical theories known as Pneumatism, pneuma was understood as an external substance drawn into the body through breathing, processed by the heart, and then channeled through the arteries to govern thoughts and actions. When Paul speaks of <em>pneuma<\/em> being \u201cpoured into our hearts,\u201d he may be describing an actual physiological process: the divine <em>pneuma<\/em> is literally infused into the cardiac centre of the believer, physically altering his\/her constitution and enabling him\/her to act in accordance with God\u2019s love. The change, in this view, is simultaneously cognitive and corporeal\u2014a transformation of the whole person, inside and out.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Scholarly Pushback: Two Major Critiques<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000While this view is gaining momentum, this materialist thesis has faced criticism from other leading scholars. John Barclay and John Levison pinpoint two major tensions in Engberg-Pedersen\u2019s proposal.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<em><strong>Barclay <\/strong><\/em>argues that Engberg-Pedersen\u2019s model, for all its philosophical precision, misses the core of Paul\u2019s theology: the radical, disruptive newness of the Christ event. For Paul, the <em>pneuma<\/em> is not a pre-existing cosmic substance simply transferred from heaven to earth. It is an unprecedented, eschatological entity unleashed by Christ\u2019s resurrection, a \u201cnew creation\u201d (2 Cor 5:17). Regarding 1 Corinthians 15, Barclay disputes the claim that \u201cheavenly bodies\u201d such as the sun, moon, and stars are explicitly called \u201cpneumatic.\u201d Paul\u2019s point, he contends, is God\u2019s power to give each its own kind of body, not to outline a Stoic scala naturae or hierarchy of being. The \u201clife-giving <em>pneuma<\/em>\u201d in verse 45 is the power of resurrection itself, not a higher-grade cosmic material. To reduce it to Stoic physics, Barclay warns, is to turn the resurrection into a mere \u201creordering of already-existing cosmic elements.\u201d<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000However, it is important to avoid imposing modern, dualist categories of \u201cspiritual vs. material\u201d onto Paul altogether. As such, to transliterate <em>pneuma<\/em> is precisely a tool to suspend our theological assumptions long enough to hear Paul on his own terms. Using this tool, we can see that Paul describes the new life in Christ using the best available language of his day for a transformative power, namely, the language of a divine, life-altering substance. This does not require us to claim that Paul was a Stoic or that the <em>pneuma<\/em> is \u201cjust\u201d medical <em>pneuma<\/em>. It simply asserts that this was the conceptual tool Paul employed to articulate the very ineffable newness that Barclay wants to protect. The \u201cnewness\u201d resides in the salvific action of God in Christ; the mechanism of description, however, is the contemporary materialist framework of the first-century world.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<em><strong>Levison<\/strong><\/em>, for his part, agrees that <em>pneuma<\/em> has a concrete dimension but charges Engberg-Pedersen with a selective and sometimes strained use of Stoicism, while neglecting the richer parallels in Paul\u2019s Jewish heritage. He raises two specific concerns. First, the Stoic models Engberg-Pedersen employs, such as the cosmic conflagration (\u1f14\u03ba\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2) or a passing comment from Cicero on divination, do not convincingly explain the ongoing, transformative work of <em>pneuma<\/em> in believers. Meanwhile, actual Stoic accounts of inspiration, such as those describing the oracle at Delphi, portray<em> pneuma<\/em> as a terrestrial vapor or breeze, not as a substance flowing through preached words. Second, and more centrally, Levison points to the dearth of engagement with Jewish texts where <em>pneuma<\/em> is also depicted as both concrete and cognitive. He cites the \u201cspirit\u201d placed upon the elders to govern (Nm 11:25), the \u201cexcellent spirit\u201d of wisdom in Daniel (Dn 5:12), and the spirit that besieges Elihu, forcing out wise speech (Jb 32:18-20). The Dead Sea Scrolls, too, present a community transformed and granted knowledge by the spirit. For Levison, this Jewish matrix provides a more direct and likely foreground for Paul\u2019s thinking than an abstracted Stoic physics.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Setting aside Levison\u2019s misguided dichotomy of Judaism and the Greco-Roman world (see Hengel\u2019s Judaism and Hellenism, which has become a scholarly consensus; one cannot separate Judaism from its surrounding culture), there is a way to honor Levison\u2019s concerns while retaining materialist insight. Medicine, after all, was a shared cultural vernacular across the Hellenistic world, including Judea. A Hellenistic Jew like Paul could easily integrate the Jewish concept of <em>ruach<\/em> (understood as God\u2019s powerful, life-giving breath) with contemporary medical understandings of <em>pneuma<\/em> as an animating bodily substance. To argue for a \u201cmedical\u201d <em>pneuma<\/em>, then, is not to choose \u201cGreek\u201d over \u201cJewish.\u201d Rather, it is to identify the common intellectual currency through which Jewish theological concepts could be understood in physical terms. This provides a more satisfying answer to Levison\u2019s critique: <em><strong>the physicality of pneuma in Paul needs not come exclusively from Stoic philosophy. It could just as plausibly emerge from the synthesis of Jewish theology and the widespread biomedical concepts that permeated the ancient Mediterranean world<\/strong><\/em>, not dissimilar from what Philo did in his work.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Synthesis: What Is at Stake? <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Here we must acknowledge that <em>pneuma<\/em> may indeed carry Stoic connotations. Engberg-Pedersen correctly observes that for Paul\u2019s first-century audience, the word <em>pneuma <\/em>would have evoked a material, cosmic, life-giving substance. Yet we must also attend to the limits of Engberg-Pedersen\u2019s argument. The <em>pneuma<\/em> in Paul\u2019s letters is not merely Stoic cosmic matter. Certain passages attribute unmistakably personal actions to <em>pneuma<\/em>: it \u201cintercedes for us with groanings too deep for words\u201d (Rom 8:26 NABS); it \u201capportions to each one individually as he wills\u201d (1 Cor 12:11 ESV); it can be \u201cgrieved\u201d (Eph 4:30). These are not things that a mere material \u201csubstance\u201d can do; they imply a person with emotions, will, and relational capacity. To reduce <em>pneuma<\/em> entirely to Stoic matter is to miss this crucial personal dimension in Paul\u2019s theology.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Thus, Engberg-Pedersen\u2019s thesis requires correction, not wholesale acceptance. He rightly alerts us to the material dimension of <em>pneuma<\/em>, but his model overemphasizes Stoic continuity and fails to fully account for the personhood Paul attributes to <em>pneuma<\/em> and the radical newness introduced by the Christ event. For careful readers, the path to the richest understanding may lie precisely in holding this tension: recognizing the concrete, material connotations of <em>pneuma<\/em> in its ancient context while also acknowledging its personal role in Paul\u2019s letters.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Taking the Debate Seriously<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000An important clarification is necessary here: we need not fully accept Engberg-Pedersen\u2019s thesis, nor must we claim that Paul was a Stoic, in order to benefit from this discussion (in fact, Engberg-Pedersen never made such a claim). As Christians, if we care about God\u2019s word, in this case what Paul actually said, we must remain open to the possibility that our understanding of <em>pneuma<\/em> may be incomplete and need correction or enrichment. Engberg-Pedersen\u2019s argument may not be entirely correct, but he has raised a question worth taking seriously: <em><strong>Have our modern cultural assumptions caused us to miss certain dimensions of what Paul originally intended to communicate? <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Transliterating <em>pneuma<\/em> is precisely the tool that helps us take this question seriously. It does not force us to accept any particular conclusion, but rather creates a space where we can pause and ask: \u201cWhat did Paul mean when he used the word <em>pneuma<\/em> here?\u201d This questioning is an act of greater faithfulness to Scripture. It acknowledges that God\u2019s revelation may be richer and deeper than we have yet understood, and it allows the biblical text to challenge us rather than merely confirming what we already think we know.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000It is worth noting that this practice of transliterating pneuma is particularly compelling in the case of Paul\u2019s letters. This is because we can identify with reasonable specificity both Paul\u2019s audience (communities of Jews and Gentiles in the first-century Greco-Roman world) and his historical context (a period when Stoicism and medical theories were prevalent). In this particular historical setting, Paul\u2019s listeners would have understood <em>pneuma<\/em> in ways far closer to the word\u2019s rich cultural connotations than modern readers do. <em><strong>Therefore, at least in the case of Paul\u2019s letters, using the transliteration pneuma rather than translating it as \u201cSpirit\u201d can better help us avoid anachronism and more faithfully hear what Paul intended to communicate. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000In the end, transliterating <em>pneuma<\/em> is not an act of laziness or an evasion of the translator\u2019s task. It is an expression of deeper faithfulness to the text. It invites us into an ongoing exploration, allowing Paul himself to tell us what his <em>pneuma<\/em> truly means. In the course of this exploration, we come to know better not only Paul but also the God who spoke through him.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u85cd\u5fd7\u63da<\/h4>\n\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u80b2\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388<h4>Chi-yeung Lam<\/h4>\nAssistant Professor of Christian Education\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-5.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u8d85\u8d8a\u300c\u9810\u8a2d\u300d\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u99ac\u5927\u3001\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\u9700\u8981\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u7d04\u7ff0\u798f\u97f3\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\u8a18\u8f09\u4e86\u62c9\u6492\u8def\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u795e\u8e5f\u3002\u7d93\u6587\u8a18\u8f09\u8036\u7a4c\u548c\u9580\u5f92\u4f86\u5230\u4f2f\u5927\u5c3c\u6642\uff0c\u62c9\u6492\u8def\u5df2\u7d93\u5b89\u846c\u56db\u65e5\uff0c\u89aa\u53cb\u5f9e\u5404\u5730\u8d95\u4f86\u6170\u554f\u3002\u99ac\u5927\u807d\u898b\u8036\u7a4c\u5230\u4f86\uff0c\u5c31\u6025\u5fd9\u51fa\u6751\u8fce\u63a5\uff1b\u7576\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\u898b\u5230\u8036\u7a4c\uff0c\u5c31\u4fef\u4f0f\u5728\u7942\u8173\u524d\uff0c\u54ed\u8457\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u4e3b\u554a\uff0c\u4f60\u82e5\u65e9\u5728\u9019\u88cf\uff0c\u6211\u5144\u5f1f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u6b7b\u3002\u300d\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u8207\u99ac\u5927\u5148\u524d\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u5982\u51fa\u4e00\u8f4d\uff0c\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u5c0d\u8036\u7a4c\u300c\u9072\u4f86\u300d\u7684\u907a\u61be\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u99ac\u5927\u548c\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\u6df1\u4fe1\u8036\u7a4c\u80fd\u91ab\u6cbb\u91cd\u75c5\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u5011\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u537b\u505c\u7559\u5728\u300c\u6709\u9650\u5fa9\u6d3b\u300d\u7684\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u672a\u66fe\u60f3\u904e\u8036\u7a4c\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u672b\u65e5\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u53eb\u4e00\u4f4d\u5df2\u6b7b\u56db\u65e5\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u767c\u81ed\u7684\u4eba\u5fa9\u6d3b\u3002\u5979\u5011\u70ba\u8036\u7a4c\u8a2d\u4e0b\u6642\u9593\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u65e9\u5230\u300d\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u300c\u73fe\u5728\u300d\u5df2\u7d93\u592a\u9072\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5\u67d0\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u8036\u7a4c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u99ac\u5927\u548c\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\u4e26\u975e\u6c92\u6709\u807d\u805e\u904e\u6b7b\u4eba\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u4e8b\u8e5f\u3002\u820a\u7d04\u88cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u5229\u4e9e\u548c\u4ee5\u5229\u6c99\u90fd\u66fe\u4f7f\u6b7b\u4eba\u5fa9\u6d3b\uff1b\u65b0\u7d04\u88cf\uff0c\u8036\u7a4c\u4e5f\u66fe\u4f7f\u775a\u9b6f\u7684\u5973\u5152\u548c\u62ff\u56e0\u57ce\u5be1\u5a66\u7684\u5152\u5b50\u5fa9\u6d3b\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u8036\u7a4c\u7684\u646f\u53cb\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u7406\u61c9\u77e5\u9053\u8036\u7a4c\u64c1\u6709\u8d85\u8d8a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u5927\u80fd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7576\u82e6\u96e3\u81e8\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bb6\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u5c31\u9677\u5165\u8ca0\u9762\u601d\u7dad\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u9072\u4f86\u300d\u7b49\u65bc\u300c\u7121\u53ef\u80fd\u3001\u7121\u6cd5\u9006\u8f49\u300d\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u78ba\u662f\u4e16\u4eba\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u3002\u6216\u8a31\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\u4e5f\u66fe\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8a2d\u9650\uff1a\u300c\u5982\u679c\u65e9\u4e00\u9ede\u2026\u2026\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5982\u679c\u7576\u6642\u2026\u2026\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u60f3\u6cd5\u5f80\u5f80\u6e90\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6301\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u300c\u9810\u8a2d\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u5718\u5951\u8207\u57f9\u80b2\u97cc\u6027<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u62c9\u6492\u8def\u6700\u7d42\u5947\u5999\u5730\u5fa9\u6d3b\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u795e\u8e5f\u7562\u7adf\u662f\u7279\u4f8b\u3002\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u9084\u662f\u8981\u9762\u5c0d\u89aa\u53cb\u96e2\u4e16\u5f8c\u7684\u6f2b\u9577\u6b72\u6708\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u54c0\u50b7\u4e2d\u7e7c\u7e8c\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u300c\u793e\u6703\u60c5\u7dd2\u9078\u64c7\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08\u5982\u75ab\u60c5\u3001\u707d\u96e3\uff09\uff0c\u5fc3\u614b\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u986f\u8457\u8f49\u8b8a\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u5c07\u751f\u6d3b\u7126\u9ede\u8f49\u5411\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c0d\u60c5\u611f\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u50be\u5411\u8207\u89aa\u5bc6\u7684\u89aa\u53cb\u4e92\u52d5\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u770b\u4f3c\u7e2e\u5c0f\u4e86\u793e\u4ea4\u5708\u5b50\uff0c\u5be6\u5247\u5f37\u5316\u4e86\u60c5\u611f\u652f\u63f4\u7684\u7d20\u8cea\u548c\u6df1\u5ea6\u3002\u9019\u89c0\u9ede\u8207\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7fa4\u9ad4\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<b>\u6709\u6df1\u5ea6\u7684\u5718\u5951\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5fc3\u7406\u97cc\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u990a\u5206\u3002\u7576\u6211\u5011\u5728\u6559\u6703\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u7dad\u6301\u8868\u9762\u7684\u5bd2\u6684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u751f\u547d\u8207\u751f\u547d\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u9023\u7d50\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u652f\u63f4\u7cfb\u7d71\u5c31\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u98a8\u66b4\u4e2d\u6210\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u907f\u96e3\u6240\u3002<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u79b1\u544a\u8207\u751f\u547d\u97cc\u6027<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u9805\u91dd\u5c0d\u7f8e\u570b\u6162\u6027\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u9577\u9054\u516d\u5e74\u7684\u8ffd\u8e64\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u79b1\u544a\u8207\u751f\u5b58\u97cc\u6027\u7684\u95dc\u806f\u3002<sup>*<\/sup> \u5728\u63a7\u5236\u591a\u9805\u8b8a\u6578\u5f8c\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u6bcf\u65e5\u4f5c\u79c1\u79b1\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\uff0c\u516d\u5e74\u5f8c\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7387\u986f\u8457\u9ad8\u65bc\u4e0d\u5e38\u7948\u79b1\u8005\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5176\u4e2d\u78ba\u5207\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u4ecd\u9700\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u54e1\u63a8\u65b7\uff0c\u79b1\u544a\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u300c\u5e0c\u671b\u611f\u300d\u662f\u95dc\u9375\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7576\u4fe1\u5f92\u5728\u79b1\u544a\u4e2d\u6301\u7e8c\u5c07\u96e3\u4ee5\u638c\u63a7\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff08\u5982\u75c5\u60c5\uff09\u4ea4\u8a17\u7d66\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u9019\u91cd\u8907\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u548c\u4ea4\u8a17\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u5e36\u4f86\u5fc3\u9748\u7684\u5e73\u5b89\u548c\u91cb\u653e\u3002\u5f9e\u751f\u7406\u5c64\u9762\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u6709\u52a9\u6e1b\u5c11\u58d3\u529b\u8377\u723e\u8499\u7684\u5206\u6ccc\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u5c0d\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u8ca0\u9762\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u9019\u6b63\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u79b1\u544a\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u5c6c\u9748\u7684\u64cd\u7df4\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5168\u4eba\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3002<b>\u5728\u79b1\u544a\u88cf\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u627f\u8a8d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u540c\u6642\u7d93\u6b77\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7121\u9650\u548c\u540c\u5728\u3002<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u773c\u52d5\u6cbb\u7642<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u9664\u4e86\u5718\u5951\u548c\u79b1\u544a\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u5efa\u7acb\u60c5\u7dd2\u97cc\u6027\u7684\u5be6\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u300c\u773c\u52d5\u8eab\u5fc3\u91cd\u5efa\u6cd5\u300d\uff08Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing\uff0c\u7c21\u7a31EMDR\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u7c21\u7a31\u300c\u773c\u52d5\u6cbb\u7642\u300d\u3002\u82e5\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u8ac7\u8ad6\u773c\u52d5\u6cbb\u7642\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u6703\u5f15\u8d77\u8aa4\u89e3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6cbb\u7642\u6642\uff0c\u6cbb\u7642\u5e2b\u7684\u624b\u6307\u5728\u60a3\u8005\u773c\u524d\u5de6\u53f3\u79fb\u52d5\uff0c\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u6709\u4e9b\u50cf\u6c11\u9593\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u65bd\u6cd5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u5957\u7642\u6cd5\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u5176\u5be6\u975e\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u5316\uff1a\u5275\u59cb\u4eba\u590f\u76ae\u7f85\uff08Francine Shapiro\uff09\u5728\u516c\u5712\u6563\u6b65\u6642\uff0c\u7121\u610f\u9593\u767c\u73fe\u7576\u773c\u775b\u96a8\u8457\u666f\u7269\u5de6\u53f3\u898f\u5f8b\u904b\u52d5\u5f8c\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ca0\u9762\u60c5\u7dd2\u7adf\u660e\u986f\u6e1b\u5c11\u4e86\u3002\u96a8\u5f8c\uff0c\u5979\u5c55\u958b\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u81e8\u5e8a\u6e2c\u8a66\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u5957\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u9010\u6f38\u7372\u5f97\u91ab\u5b78\u754c\u80af\u5b9a\u3002\u9019\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u500b\u5be6\u7528\u7684\u555f\u767c\uff1a\u7576\u4f60\u767c\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u9677\u5165\u8ca0\u9762\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u50cf\u99ac\u5927\u548c\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\u90a3\u6a23\u88ab\u54c0\u50b7\u7c60\u7f69\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u59a8\u6548\u6cd5\u590f\u76ae\u7f85\uff0c\u5230\u516c\u5712\u6563\u6563\u6b65\uff0c\u8b93\u773c\u775b\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u5de6\u53f3\u8f49\u52d5\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u5169\u65c1\u7684\u98a8\u666f\u3002\u9019\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\u5c0d\u8212\u7de9\u60c5\u7dd2\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u6240\u5e6b\u52a9\u3002\uff08\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u82e5\u767c\u73fe\u60c5\u7dd2\u554f\u984c\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u56b4\u91cd\uff0c\u5c31\u52d9\u5fc5\u5c0b\u6c42\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u8f14\u5c0e\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000\u300c\u97cc\u6027\u300d\u4e00\u8a5e\u8fd1\u5e74\u5099\u53d7\u95dc\u6ce8\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u5167\u5730\u8b7d\u70ba2025\u5e74\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u8a5e\u3002\u9019\u53cd\u6620\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u6b63\u8eab\u8655\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u5916\u5728\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u5167\u5fc3\u7126\u616e\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f71\u97ff\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u53ca\u7fa4\u9ad4\u5354\u4f5c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5fc3\u5e95\u88cf\u6e34\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u53d7\u5236\u65bc\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5411\u524d\u9081\u9032\u3002\u56de\u9867\u62c9\u6492\u8def\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u99ac\u5927\u548c\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\u898b\u8b49\u4e86\u8d85\u8d8a\u5979\u5011\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u795e\u8e5f\u3002<b>\u9858\u6211\u5011\u5728\u5718\u5951\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u79b1\u544a\u7684\u64cd\u7df4\u4e2d\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u5efa\u7acb\u8eab\u5fc3\u9748\u7684\u97cc\u6027\u3002<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>*<\/sup> Gail Ironson and Salman Shaheen Ahmad, \u201cFrequency of Private Prayer Predicts Survival Over 6 Years in a Nationwide U.S. Sample of Individuals with a Chronic Illness,\u201d <em>Journal of Religion and Health<\/em> 63.4 (August 2024): 2910-2923\u3014\u7db2\u4e0a\u6587\u7ae0\u3015\uff1b\u53d6\u81eaSpringer Nature Link\u7db2\u9801\uff08https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-023-01870-z\uff09\uff1b\u700f\u89bd\u65bc2026\u5e743\u67081\u65e5\u3002<p><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>God is beyond Our \u201cAssumptions\u201d <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000What did Martha and Mary need? <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000John 11 records the miracle of Lazarus\u2019 resurrection. By the time Jesus and His disciples arrived in Bethany, Lazarus had already been in the tomb for four days, and relatives and friends had gathered to offer their condolences. When Martha heard of Jesus\u2019 coming, she hurried out of the village to meet Him. When Mary saw Jesus, she fell at His feet and wept, saying, \u201cLord, if You had been here, my brother would not have died.\u201d These words echoed Martha\u2019s earlier statement, expressing sorrow over what seemed to be Jesus\u2019 \u201cdelayed arrival.\u201d <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000Martha and Mary were convinced that Jesus could heal serious illnesses, though their understanding of resurrection was limited. They never imagined that Jesus could raise someone before the last day, even one who had been dead for four days and whose body had already begun to decay. They assumed there was a time limit to His power, believing healing was possible only if He had arrived \u201cearly,\u201d and that \u201cnow\u201d was already too late. In this way, their thinking reveals they perceived Jesus\u2019 power to be restricted in this way. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000However, Martha and Mary were familiar with the stories of resurrection. In the Old Testament, Elijah and Elisha raise the dead; in the New Testament, Jesus raises Jairus\u2019 daughter and the widow\u2019s son at Nain. As close friends of Jesus, they surely knew that He possessed power over death. However, when suffering struck their own family, in their grief, they fell into a negative mindset, believing that \u201cdelayed\u201d meant \u201cimpossible\u201d or \u201cirreversible.\u201d That is a very human response. Perhaps, in our own struggles, we too assume limits to God: \u201cIf only it happened sooner \u2026\u201d or \u201cIf only we had acted back then \u2026\u201d These thoughts often stem from certain \u201cassumptions\u201d we hold about God. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Fellowship and Resilience<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000Lazarus was miraculously raised from the dead, but after all, this event is an exception. In everyday life, most people must endure the long years that follow the loss of loved ones and seek ways to continue despite their grief. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000The Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) suggests that when individuals encounter major life events\u2014such as a pandemic or natural disaster\u2014their mindset may undergo a significant shift: they refocus on emotionally meaningful behaviors and tend to deepen ties with close friends and family. While this selective social pattern may appear to narrow one\u2019s social circle, it actually enhances the quality and depth of emotional support. This dynamic closely parallels the experience of faith communities. <em><strong>A meaningful fellowship life is precisely what nourishes psychological resilience. When we go beyond superficial small talk and build genuine, heart-to-heart connections in church, this support system becomes our refuge in the storm of life. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Prayer and Resilience<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000A six-year longitudinal study of patients with chronic illnesses in the United States revealed a positive link between prayer and resilience. <sup>*<\/sup> After controlling for a range of variables, the study found that patients who engaged in daily private prayer had a significantly higher survival rate than those who prayed less frequently. Although the mechanism requires further investigation, researchers suggested that the \u201csense of hope\u201d derived from prayer may play a key role. When believers consistently entrust matters beyond their control\u2014such as illness\u2014to God in prayer, this repeated affirmation and entrustment foster peace and consolation. Physiologically, such practices help lower stress hormone levels, thereby reducing negative health impacts. This reminds us that prayer is not only a spiritual discipline but also the foundation of holistic well-being. <em><strong>In prayer, we admit our own limits while simultaneously experiencing God\u2019s infinite power and presence. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000In addition to fellowship and prayer, modern psychology has developed practical methods for fostering emotional resilience, such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). If we talked about EMDR twenty years ago, it might be misunderstood, because during the therapy, the therapist moves his or her fingers back and forth in front of the patient\u2019s eyes, somewhat like a ritual performed in folk religions. Yet its origins are simple: its founder, Francine Shapiro, was once taking a walk in the park when she accidentally discovered that as her eyes moved rhythmically from side to side, her negative emotions noticeably diminished. She subsequently conducted years of clinical trials, and this therapeutic approach has gradually gained recognition in the medical community. This offers us a practical insight: when you feel stuck in negative emotions\u2014or even overwhelmed by grief, as Martha and Mary were\u2014you might follow Shapiro\u2019s example and take a walk in the park, allowing your eyes to move naturally from side to side as you observe the scenery. Such a simple act may help ease your emotions. (Of course, if distress becomes severe, seek professional medical or psychological counseling.) <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000The term \u201cresilience\u201d has gained significant attention in recent years and topped the list of buzzwords of 2025 in mainland China. This reflects the reality that many people are navigating uncertain external environments, experiencing anxiety and unease that may impact both their personal lives and collective cooperation. Deep down, we long to break free from circumstantial constraints and continue moving forward. Reflecting on the story of Lazarus, Martha, and Mary, we find a miracle beyond their imaginations. <em><strong>May we cultivate resilience in mind, body, and spirit through fellowship and personal prayer, finding strength in God together. <\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>*<\/sup> Gail Ironson and Salman Shaheen Ahmad, \u201cFrequency of Private Prayer Predicts Survival Over 6 Years in a Nationwide U.S. Sample of Individuals with a Chronic Illness,\u201d <em>Journal of Religion and Health<\/em> 63.4 (August 2024): 2910-2923 [article online]; available from Springer Nature Link website (https: \/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-023-01870-z); accessed 1 March 2026.<p><!-- \/wp:post-content --><\/p><!-- \/wp:freeform --><\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u74a9\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388<\/p>\n<h4>Curie Qu<\/h4>\n<p>Assistant Professor of Christian Thought<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-4.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u4e09\u985e\u82e6\u7f6a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u6bcf\u7576\u4e16\u754c\u767c\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7fa4\u9ad4\u4e2d\u5c31\u5e38\u5e38\u6709\u4eba\u518d\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u795e\u6b63\u8ad6\uff08Theodicy\uff0c\u6216\u4f5c\uff1a\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\uff09\u4f86\u53cd\u8986\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u53d7\u707d\u60c5\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u9019\u985e\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5f80\u5f80\u593e\u96dc\u8457\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u96e3\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u5e73\u975c\u548c\u7406\u6027\u3002\u7576\u4eca\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u901a\u7570\u5e38\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u7a0d\u6709\u4e0d\u614e\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8868\u8ff0\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u89f8\u767c\u53d7\u707d\u7fa4\u9ad4\u53ca\u516c\u773e\u7684\u654f\u611f\u60c5\u7dd2\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u53cd\u601d\u3001\u8a0e\u8ad6\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u5148\u8981\u79b1\u544a\uff0c\u6c42\u795e\u8cdc\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u5fc3\u3001\u667a\u6167\u7684\u8166\u3001\u8b39\u614e\u7684\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5728\u795e\u7684\u5275\u9020\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b58\u5225\u51fa\u4e09\u985e\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u82e6\u7f6a\uff1a<strong>\uff081\uff09<\/strong><b>\u9053\u5fb7\u7f6a\u60e1\uff1a<\/b>\u4eba\u985e\u6feb\u7528\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u800c\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u5982\u5c60\u6bba\u3001\u5077\u7aca\u3001\u80cc\u53db\u7b49\uff1b<strong>\uff082\uff09<\/strong><b>\u81ea\u7136\u707d\u96e3\uff1a<\/b>\u4eba\u985e\u5373\u4f7f\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u6700\u597d\u7684\u9810\u9632\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u7684\u707d\u798d\uff0c\u5982\u5730\u9707\u3001\u706b\u707d\u3001\u8eca\u798d\u7b49\uff1b<strong>\uff083\uff09<\/strong><b>\u751f\u547d\u82e6\u75db\uff1a<\/b>\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u6e90\u65bc\u4eba\u70ba\u9084\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e78\u7e3d\u6703\u964d\u81e8\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u55aa\u89aa\u4e4b\u75db\u3001\u8eab\u9ad4\u6b98\u75be\u3001\u60c5\u7dd2\u6291\u9b31\u7b49\u3002\u9019\u4e09\u985e\u82e6\u7f6a\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u622a\u7136\u5206\u958b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f7c\u6b64\u91cd\u758a\uff0c\u4e92\u76f8\u4ea4\u7e54\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6311\u6230<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u9019\u4e9b\u82e6\u7f6a\u771f\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u89f8\u52d5\u6211\u5011\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3002\u4fe1\u5f92\u548c\u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f9e\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u6311\u6230\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff1a<strong>\uff081\uff09<\/strong><b>\u908f\u8f2f\u554f\u984c\uff1a<\/b>\u9673\u8ff0\u4e00\u300c\u795e\u662f\u5168\u80fd\u548c\u5168\u5584\u7684\u300d\u8207\u9673\u8ff0\u4e8c\u300c\u82e6\u7f6a\u5b58\u5728\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff1b<strong>\uff082\uff09<\/strong><b>\u5be6\u8b49\u554f\u984c\uff1a<\/b>\u82e6\u7f6a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u795e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u2500\u2500\u8981\u9ebc\u795e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8981\u9ebc\u795e\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u80fd\u6216\u5168\u5584\uff1b<strong>\uff083\uff09<\/strong><b>\u5be6\u5b58\u554f\u984c\uff1a<\/b>\u6487\u4e0b\u7d14\u7406\u6027\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u88ab\u5404\u7a2e\u82e6\u96e3\u7e8f\u7e5e\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u5606\u606f\uff1a\u300c\u9019\u6c92\u610f\u7fa9\u554a\uff01\u300d\u3001\u300c\u9019\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u767c\u751f\u554a\uff01\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u767c\u751f\u5728\u6211\u8eab\u4e0a\uff01\u300d<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5c0d\u65bc\u4f86\u81ea\u908f\u8f2f\u548c\u5be6\u8b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c<b>\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8332<\/b>\uff08G. W. Leibniz\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u82e6\u96e3\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u300c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u6700\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u300d\u3002\u795e\u4f5c\u70ba\u5168\u77e5\u3001\u5168\u80fd\u4e14\u5168\u5584\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u5275\u9020\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u6700\u597d\u7684\u610f\u5716\u3002\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u90aa\u60e1\u548c\u82e6\u96e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5be6\u73fe\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5584\u6216\u66f4\u9577\u9060\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002<b>\u9ed1\u683c\u723e<\/b>\uff08G. W. F. Hegel\uff09\u4e5f\u6709\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u82e6\u96e3\u662f\u5be6\u73fe\u66f4\u9ad8\u4e4b\u5584\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8332\u548c\u9ed1\u683c\u723e\u7684\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u662f\u63a1\u53d6\u4e00\u7a2e\u8d85\u7136\u3001\u9060\u96e2\u73fe\u5be6\u707d\u96e3\u3001\u7d14\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9032\u8def\u3002<b>\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u5728\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u4e5f\u8a31\u80fd\u5920\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u73fe\u5be6\u8655\u5883\u4e2d\u6b63\u5728\u53d7\u82e6\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c07\u5176\u6240\u6709\u82e6\u96e3\u300c\u5408\u7406\u5316\u300d\uff0c\u537b\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u6642\u662f\u5c07\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u300c\u865b\u7121\u5316\u300d\u3002<\/b>\u4ecd\u53d7\u707d\u60c5\u56f0\u64fe\u7684\u4eba\u6050\u6015\u8981\u53cd\u554f\uff1a\u96e3\u9053\u6211\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u795e\u8981\u9054\u81f3\u6700\u5927\u7f8e\u5584\u7684\u300c\u5fc5\u8981\u4ee3\u50f9\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5fc5\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u300d\uff1f\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u795e\u5fc5\u52dd\u7684\u5927\u68cb\u5c40\u4e2d\u4e00\u679a\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c4\u6389\u7684\u68cb\u5b50\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u82e6\u96e3\u5c31\u662f\u82e6\u96e3<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u300c\u5929\u9053\u9060\uff0c\u4eba\u9053\u9087\u300d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c0d\u908f\u8f2f\u548c\u5be6\u8b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u986f\u5f97\u592a\u9059\u9060\uff08\u5b83\u5011\u4e26\u975e\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5207\u5408\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u8655\u5883\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u59a8\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u8457\u624b\uff0c\u5373\u5f9e\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u8655\u5883\u4f86\u6b63\u8996\u5be6\u5be6\u5728\u5728\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\u3002<b>\u5f9e\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u8996\u89d2\u51fa\u767c<\/b>\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5982\u524d\u5169\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u90a3\u6a23\u5c07\u82e6\u96e3\u554f\u984c\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\uff0c\u5373\u5f9e\u82e6\u96e3\u7684\u7c60\u7d71\u6982\u5ff5\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u601d\u7dad\u5c64\u9762\u8ad6\u8b49\u5176\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u8981\u6b63\u8996\u3001\u8a8d\u771f\u770b\u5f85\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\uff0c\u5c31\u82e6\u96e3\u672c\u8eab\u4f86\u5c0d\u5f85\u82e6\u96e3\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5c31\u662f<b>\u4e0d\u8981\u70ba\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\u52c9\u5f37\u627e\u4e00\u500b\u770b\u4f3c\u300c\u5c6c\u9748\u6b63\u78ba\u300d\u7684\u5408\u7406\u89e3\u91cb<\/b>\uff1a\u300c\u9019\u662f\u795e\u8981\u4f60\u653e\u4e0b\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u55ae\u55ae\u4ef0\u671b\u7942\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5728\u50b7\u75db\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u6703\u66f4\u771f\u5be6\u5730\u7d93\u6b77\u795e\u7684\u6069\u5178\u548c\u7737\u9867\u300d\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u82e6\u96e3\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u3001\u5168\u7136\u8ca0\u9762\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u77e5\u5b83\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u751f\u5728\u67d0\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u5f37\u4f5c\u89e3\u4eba\uff0c\u70ba\u6bcf\u500b\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\u627e\u51fa\u5408\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u72af\u4e0a\u7d04\u4f2f\u4e09\u53cb\u90a3\u6a23\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5<b>\u8207\u54c0\u54ed\u7684\u4eba\u540c\u54c0\u54ed<\/b>\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u50b7\u75db\u7684\u4eba\u5206\u4eab\u7d04\u4f2f\u8a18\uff0c\u6216\u4f5c\u5bb6\u674f\u6797\u5b50\uff08\u5289\u4fe0\uff09\u3001\u4f48\u9053\u5bb6\u517c\u6fc0\u52f5\u6f14\u8aaa\u5bb6\u529b\u514b\u2027\u80e1\u54f2\uff08Nick Vujicic\uff09\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u9019\u6216\u53ef\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u5011\uff0c\u5b89\u6170\u4ed6\u5011\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u884c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\u6545\u4e8b\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u89aa\u6b77\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u59cb\u7d42\u9084\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u627f\u53d7\u8207\u76fc\u671b<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u99ac\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u665a\u5e74\u5931\u53bb\u5fc3\u611b\u7684\u5341\u4e09\u6b72\u5973\u5152\uff0c\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u9019\u611f\u89ba\u5f88\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u5979\u5728\u5929\u7236\u90a3\u88cf\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u537b\u53c8\u5fcd\u4e0d\u4f4f\u60b2\u50b7\u3002\u300d\u4ed6\u9084\u5f15\u7528\u99ac\u592a\u798f\u97f3\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u7ae041\u7bc0\uff0c\u611f\u5606\u81ea\u5df1\u300c\u5fc3\u9748\u56fa\u7136\u9858\u610f\uff0c\u8089\u9ad4\u537b\u8edf\u5f31\u4e86\u300d\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u8089\u8eab\u8edf\u5f31\uff0c\u5728\u82e6\u96e3\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8cea\u7591\u795e\uff0c\u5c0d\u795e\u60f1\u6012\uff0c\u79b1\u544a\u6642\u8aaa\u4e0d\u51fa\u611f\u8b1d\u8b9a\u7f8e\u7684\u8a00\u8a9e\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u4e4b\u5e38\u60c5\u2500\u2500\u6211\u5011\u672c\u4f86\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u8edf\u5f31\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u770b\u5230\uff1a<b>\u9019\u4e9b\u5c07\u6b98\u7684\u71c8\u706b\uff0c\u58d3\u50b7\u7684\u8606\u8466\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u9084\u6c92\u6709\u7184\u6ec5\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u6298\u65b7\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5c31\u9084\u8981\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5c31\u9084\u8981\u91cd\u62fe\uff1b\u5c31\u7b97\u6709\u4e9b\u71c8\u706b\u771f\u7684\u7184\u6ec5\u4e86\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u8606\u8466\u771f\u7684\u6298\u65b7\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u7d50\u5c40\u2500\u2500\u5728\u9053\u8def\u7684\u76e1\u982d\uff0c\u6709\u66fe\u7d93\u5f9e\u6b7b\u88cf\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u4e3b\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u88cf\u7b49\u5f85\u6211\u5011\u56de\u5230\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u5929\u5bb6\u3002<\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Three Kinds of Suffering <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Whenever a major disaster occurs, faith communities often engage in renewed discussions of theodicy. Under the weight of disaster, such discussions tend to become emotionally charged, making it difficult to maintain a calm and rational spirit. In today\u2019s world, information spreads with unprecedented speed. Even the slightest misstep in a believer\u2019s words can provoke strong emotions among disaster victims and the public. Therefore, as we reflect on and discuss these issues, we must first pray, asking God to grant us compassionate hearts, wise minds, and cautious tongues.<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000In God\u2019s creation order, three major categories of suffering can be identified: <strong>(1)<\/strong> <em><strong>moral evils<\/strong><\/em><strong>: <\/strong>sins committed by humans through the misuse of their free will, such as murder, theft, and betrayal; <strong> (2) <em><strong>natural disasters<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> calamities that cannot be avoided even with the best preventive measures, such as earthquakes, fires, and traffic accidents; <strong> (3) <em><strong>the sorrows of life<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> whether stemming from human or natural causes, misfortune inevitably befalls some people, such as bereavement, physical disabilities, and depression. These three categories of suffering are, of course, not strictly separate but overlap and intertwine.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Challenges to Christian Faith<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Suffering and these evils are a reality that often shakes the very foundations of our faith. Both believers and non-believers may challenge the Christian faith from these three perspectives: <strong> (1) <\/strong><em><strong>the logical problem<\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> statement 1, \u201cGod is omnipotent and perfectly good,\u201d and statement 2, \u201cEvil exists,\u201d are logically incompatible; <strong> (2) <\/strong> <em><strong>the evidential problem<\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> the existence of evil serves as evidence against God\u2019s existence\u2014either God does not exist, or God is not omnipotent or perfectly good; <strong> (3) <\/strong> <em><strong>the existential problem<\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> setting aside purely rational arguments, we are in fact beset by various forms of suffering, leading us to exclaim, \u201cThis is meaningless!\u201d or \u201cThis shouldn\u2019t be happening! At least, it shouldn\u2019t be happening to me!\u201d<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000In response to the challenges from the logic and evidential problems, <em><strong>G. W. Leibniz<\/strong><\/em> argues that the actual world, despite the existence of suffering, is still \u201cthe best of all possible worlds.\u201d As an omniscient, omnipotent, and perfectly good being, God created this world with the best intentions. The existence of evil and suffering in this world serves to realize a greater good or a long-term purpose. <em><strong>G. W. F. Hegel <\/strong><\/em>holds a similar view, arguing that suffering is a necessary condition for the realization of a higher good. Both Leibniz and Hegel adopted a detached, purely rational approach that distanced themselves from the realities of disaster. <em><strong>While such responses may be valid on rational grounds, for those suffering in real life, \u201crationalizing\u201d may abstract\u2014or even \u201cnullify\u201d\u2014their concrete experience of suffering. <\/strong><\/em> Those still plagued by disaster may well ask: Is my current hardship merely the \u201cnecessary cost\u201d or \u201cnecessary means\u201d for God to achieve the greatest good? Am I simply a disposable pawn in God\u2019s grand chess game that He will win in the end?<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Seeing Suffering as Suffering<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000As an old Chinese saying goes, \u201cthe way of heaven is distant, but the way of humans is near.\u201d If responses to the logic and evidential problems seem too abstract (not that they are unimportant, but that they may not fully address the circumstances of sufferers), we might approach the issue from a third perspective: viewing the concrete suffering as lived reality. <em><strong>From the perspective of those who suffer<\/strong><\/em>, we must first avoid abstracting the problem of suffering as the previous two approaches tend to do\u2014starting with a general concept of suffering and arguing theoretically for its inevitability. Instead, we must face and take real suffering seriously, addressing suffering on its own terms. Second, <em><strong>we must not force a seemingly \u201cspiritually correct\u201d explanation onto every real suffering<\/strong><\/em>: \u201cGod wants you to let go of everything and look to Him alone,\u201d or \u201cIn your pain, you will experience God\u2019s grace and care more deeply.\u201d Some suffering may simply be gratuitous. We do not know why it occurs, nor why it afflicts a particular person. If we insist on assuming the role of an all-knowing interpreter who must find a rational explanation for every instance of suffering, we risk repeating the error made by Job\u2019s three friends. In fact, <em><strong>we can mourn with those who mourn<\/strong><\/em>. We can share with the grieving people the story of Job, or the life stories of the writer Xing Linzi (Liu Xia) and the evangelist and motivational speaker Nick Vujicic. This may help them and bring them comfort. Of course, it may not work because there is always a deep divide between accounts of others\u2019 suffering and the suffering one endures firsthand.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Endurance and Hope<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000When Martin Luther lost his beloved thirteen-year-old daughter in his later years, he said, \u201cIt\u2019s strange to know that she is surely at peace and that she is well off there, very well off, and yet to grieve so much!\u201d He also quoted Matthew 26:41, lamenting, \u201cThe spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.\u201d Because our flesh is weak, we may question God in the midst of suffering, grow angry with Him, and find ourselves unable to utter words of thanksgiving and praise in prayer. This is only human\u2014we are all inherently weak in this way. But on the other hand, we must also recognize this: <em><strong>As long as the smoldering wicks have not yet been quenched and the bruised reeds have not been broken, life must go on, and faith must be restored. Even if some wicks have indeed been extinguished, and some reeds have truly been broken, that is not the end\u2014at the end of the road, the Lord who has risen from the dead awaits us there, ready to welcome us into our eternal heavenly home. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u5433\u570b\u5091<\/h4>\u526f\u9662\u9577\uff08\u6559\u52d9\uff09\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u6559\u6703\u6b77\u53f2\uff09\u6559\u6388<h4>Nathan Ng<\/h4>\nVice President (Academic Affairs)<\/br>\nProfessor of Christian Thought (Church History)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-3.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u7684\u521d\u671f\u6559\u6703<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u57fa\u7763\u5b97\u6559\u5f9e\u958b\u59cb\u5373\u9762\u5c0d\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u5c0f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u548c\u707d\u96e3\u3002\u81ea\u5f9e\u7f85\u99ac\u7687\u5e1d\u5c3c\u797f\uff08Nero\uff0c\u516c\u514337-68\u5e74\uff09\u7e31\u706b\u711a\u57ce\u4e26\u5ac1\u798d\u7d66\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u6559\u6703\u4fbf\u6210\u70ba\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u6253\u58d3\u7684\u975e\u6cd5\u7d44\u7e54\u3002\u50c5\u662f\u5805\u6301\u76f8\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u5c31\u8db3\u53ef\u5224\u4ee5\u6b7b\u7f6a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\uff0c\u5de1\u64ab\u5c0f\u76ae\u91cc\u7d10\uff08Pliny the Younger\uff0c\u516c\u514361-113\u5e74\uff09\u81f4\u4fe1\u7687\u5e1d\u4ed6\u96c5\u52aa\uff08Trajan\uff0c\u516c\u514353-117\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u8acb\u793a\u5982\u4f55\u8655\u7f6e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u6211\u9762\u524d\u6709\u4eba\u88ab\u544a\u767c\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u63a1\u53d6\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u52d5\uff1a\u6211\u5148\u554f\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff1b\u82e5\u4ed6\u5011\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u518d\u554f\u5169\u4e09\u6b21\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u5211\u7f70\u4f86\u5a01\u5687\u4ed6\u5011\uff1b\u82e5\u4ed6\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u5805\u6301\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u8655\u6c7a\u3002\u300d<sup>1<\/sup> \u4ed6\u96c5\u52aa\u56de\u8986\uff0c\u6307\u76ae\u91cc\u7d10\u300c\u5df2\u63a1\u53d6\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u8def\u5411\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u63d0\u9192\u4ed6\uff1a\u300c\u4eba\u82e5\u5426\u8a8d\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u52d9\u5fc5\u56b4\u52a0\u9a57\u8b49\uff0c\u78ba\u5b9a\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u656c\u62dc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8af8\u795e\u300d\u3002<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5927\u5e1d\uff08Constantine the Great\uff0c\u516c\u5143 272-337\u5e74\uff09\u65bc\u516c\u5143313\u5e74\u9812\u4f48\u300a\u7c73\u862d\u8aed\u65e8\u300b\uff08<em>Edictum Mediolanense<\/em>\uff09\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u4e8c\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u88cf\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u906d\u53d7\u7121\u6578\u6b98\u9177\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u3002\u6709\u7684\u88ab\u96c6\u9ad4\u91d8\u6b7b\u5728\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u7576\u4f5c\u706b\u628a\u711a\u71d2\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5728\u9b25\u7378\u5834\u7d66\u7345\u5b50\u54ac\u6b7b\uff0c\u6709\u5b69\u7ae5\u88ab\u62ab\u4e0a\u7378\u76ae\u7d66\u72c2\u72ac\u6495\u54ac\u3002\u7687\u5e1d\u5967\u71b1\u6d41\uff08Marcus Aurelius\uff0c\u516c\u5143121-180\u5e74\uff09\u717d\u52d5\u66b4\u6c11\u653b\u64ca\u6559\u6703\uff1b\u5728\u4ed6\u57f7\u653f\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u300c\u627f\u53d7\u72c2\u71e5\u66b4\u5f92\u6163\u5e38\u5c0d\u5f85\u5176\u4ec7\u6575\u548c\u5c0d\u624b\u7684\u90a3\u5404\u7a2e\u7f9e\u8fb1\u300d\u3002<sup>3<\/sup> \u7687\u5e1d\u5fb7\u4fee\uff08Decius\uff0c\u516c\u5143201-252\u5e74\uff09\u8981\u6c42\u5168\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u7686\u8981\u5411\u7f85\u99ac\u7684\u795e\u7947\u300c\u737b\u796d\u3001\u5960\u9152\uff0c\u4e26\u8981\u54c1\u5617\u796d\u8089\u300d\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u8b49\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u9055\u8005\u8981\u906d\u53d7\u9177\u5211\u3002<sup>4<\/sup> \u7687\u5e1d\u6234\u514b\u91cc\u5148\uff08Diocletian\uff0c\u516c\u5143245-311\u5e74\uff09\u66f4\u4e0b\u4ee4\u300c\u93df\u5e73\u6559\u6703\uff0c\u711a\u71d2\u8056\u7d93\u300d\u3002\u9762\u5c0d\u7121\u61fc\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u4ed6\u300c\u76e3\u7981\u5404\u5730\u7684\u6559\u6703\u9818\u8896\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u7528\u76e1\u4e00\u5207\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f37\u8feb\u4ed6\u5011\u737b\u796d\u300d\uff0c\u610f\u5716\u85c9\u6b64\u6467\u6bc0\u4fe1\u5f92\u7fa4\u9ad4\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<sup>5<\/sup><\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u7236\u7684\u63d0\u9192<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5f9e\u73fe\u5b58\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u7236\u8457\u4f5c\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u906d\u53d7\u9577\u6642\u9593\u6b98\u9177\u8feb\u5bb3\u3001\u9677\u5728\u82e6\u96e3\u4e2d\u7684\u521d\u671f\u6559\u6703\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u751f\u51fa\u82e6\u6bd2\u6028\u6068\u6216\u7070\u5fc3\u55aa\u5fd7\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u5e38\u5f9e\u5c6c\u9748\u89d2\u5ea6\u7a4d\u6975\u9762\u5c0d\uff0c\u4fe1\u9760\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u76fc\u671b\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\u69ae\u8000\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6559\u7236\u5c0d\u707d\u798d\u82e6\u96e3\u7684\u8a00\u8a13\u6559\u5c0e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b78\u7d0d\u6210\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u63d0\u9192\uff1a<\/p><ol><li><b>\u4e0a\u4e3b\u5728\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u540c\u5728\uff0c\u7d66\u53d7\u82e6\u7684\u8056\u5f92\u5e36\u4f86\u5b89\u6170\uff1a<\/b>\u5c31\u5982\u7f85\u99ac\u9577\u8001\u5e0c\u5761\u5f8b\u9640\uff08Hippolytus\uff0c\u7d04\u516c\u5143170-235\u5e74\uff09\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u903c\u8feb\u707d\u96e3\u4e43\u6e90\u81ea\u6575\u57fa\u7763\u5c0d\u8056\u5f92\u7684\u653b\u64ca\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4fe1\u5f92\u53ef\u4ef0\u671b\u300c\u4e0a\u4e3b\u5f9e\u5929\u4e0a\u986f\u73fe\u300d\u3002<sup>6<\/sup> \u9019\u7a2e\u986f\u73fe\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u8056\u5f92\u5316\u5371\u70ba\u6a5f\u2015\u2015\u6216\u5f97\u8457\u80fd\u529b\u5fcd\u53d7\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u6216\u6b89\u9053\u5f8c\u5f97\u898b\u4e3b\u9762\u3002<\/li><li><b>\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e0d\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7d42\u7d50\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u66ab\u4e14\u5b89\u606f\u7684\u7f8e\u597d\u6642\u523b\uff1a<\/b>\u7279\u571f\u826f\uff08Tertullian\uff0c\u7d04\u516c\u5143155-220\u5e74\uff09\u89e3\u91cb\u99ac\u592a\u798f\u97f3\u516d\u7ae06\u7bc0\u6642\uff0c\u6307\u300c\u5167\u5ba4\u300d\u9810\u8868\u58b3\u5893\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u6575\u57fa\u7763\u7d42\u6975\u731b\u70c8\u653b\u64ca\u4e0b\u96e2\u4e16\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5b89\u606f\u7247\u6642\u3002<sup>7<\/sup> \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8056\u5f92\u7121\u9808\u61fc\u6015\u82e6\u96e3\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff1b\u96e2\u4e16\u8207\u4e3b\u540c\u5728\u53cd\u800c\u503c\u5f97\u56ae\u5f80\u3002<\/li><li><b>\u5728\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u5805\u5fcd\u5230\u5e95\u7684\u8056\u5f92\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u8457\u69ae\u8000\u7684\u51a0\u5195\uff1a<\/b>\u611b\u4efb\u7d10\uff08Irenaeus\uff0c\u7d04\u516c\u5143125-202\u5e74\uff09\u89e3\u91cb\u99ac\u592a\u798f\u97f3\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u7ae021\u7bc0\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5927\u707d\u96e3\u6642\uff0c\u660e\u8a00\u300c\u9019\u662f\u7fa9\u4eba\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u8a66\u9a57\uff0c\u5f97\u52dd\u7684\u53ef\u5f97\u4e0d\u673d\u7684\u51a0\u5195\u300d\u3002<sup>8<\/sup> \u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u8056\u5f92\u61c9\u7576\u61fc\u6015\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u56e0\u903c\u8feb\u800c\u8edf\u5f31\u8dcc\u5012\uff0c\u5f9e\u6b64\u5931\u53bb\u5c6c\u5929\u7684\u798f\u5206\u3002<\/li><\/ol><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u6309\u7167\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8056\u5f92\u53ef\u5b58\u559c\u6a02\u7684\u5fc3\u7a4d\u6975\u9762\u5c0d\u5404\u7a2e\u903c\u8feb\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u4f7f\u5f92\u6559\u7236\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u9ed1\u99ac\u7267\u4eba\u66f8\u300b\uff08<em>Pastor Hermae<\/em>\uff09\u6240\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u5c07\u8981\u4f86\u81e8\u7684\u5927\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u5805\u5fcd\u7684\u4eba\u61c9\u7576\u6b61\u559c\u5feb\u6a02\u300d\u3002<sup>9<\/sup> \u4ed6\u5011\u91cd\u8996\u5c07\u4f86\u5929\u4e0a\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u5c6c\u9748\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u9060\u591a\u65bc\u5730\u4e0a\u77ed\u66ab\u7684\u8089\u8eab\u751f\u547d\uff1b\u9019\u539f\u5247\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u4e3b\u8036\u7a4c\u57fa\u7763\u53d7\u82e6\u53d7\u6b7b\u7684\u699c\u6a23\u4e2d\u5b78\u7fd2\u5f97\u4f86\u7684\u3002<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u4eca\u65e5\u4e16\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u82e6\u96e3\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u660e\u986f\u56e0\u4fe1\u4ef0\u800c\u906d\u53d7\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u6559\u7236\u7684\u6559\u5c0e\u80fd\u7d66\u4fe1\u5f92\u9069\u5207\u7684\u9f13\u52f5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u6613\u5206\u8fa8\u5176\u56e0\u7531\u3002\u570b\u969b\u9593\uff0c\u6230\u722d\u5c0e\u81f4\u707d\u6c11\u6b7b\u50b7\u7121\u6578\uff0c\u6d41\u96e2\u5931\u6240\uff1b\u5730\u5340\u5167\uff0c\u4eba\u798d\u81f4\u4f7f\u89aa\u4eba\u751f\u6b7b\u76f8\u9694\uff0c\u5bb6\u5712\u76e1\u6bc0\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u75db\u82e6\u90fd\u662f\u5be6\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u54c0\u5606\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u7236\u7684\u6559\u5c0e\u4e5f\u63d0\u9192\u4fe1\u5f92\uff1a\u5207\u52ff\u5c07\u773c\u76ee\u50c5\u653e\u5728\u77ed\u66ab\u7684\u4eca\u4e16\uff0c\u7576\u4ee5\u5c6c\u9748\u7684\u773c\u5149\u6ce8\u8996\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u5c07\u4f86\uff1b\u76f8\u4fe1<b>\u707d\u96e3\u53ea\u662f\u77ed\u66ab\u7684\u8a66\u7149\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u662f\u6211\u5011\u96a8\u6642\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9<\/b>\u3002\u8089\u8eab\u53d7\u82e6\u751a\u81f3\u53d7\u6b7b\u4e26\u4e0d\u53ef\u6015\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5728\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u5805\u5fcd\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u5f97\u8457\u5c6c\u5929\u69ae\u8000\u7684\u734e\u8cde\u3002<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3><p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>1<\/sup> Pliny the Younger, <em>Epistulae<\/em> 10.96.<br \/><sup>2<\/sup> Pliny the Younger, <em>Epistulae<\/em> 10.97.<br \/><sup>3<\/sup> Eusebius, <em>Historia Ecclesiastica<\/em> 5.1.<br \/><sup>4<\/sup> George Milligan, <em>Greek Papyri<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912), no. 48.<br \/><sup>5<\/sup> Eusebius, <em>Historia Ecclesiastica<\/em> 8.2.<br \/><sup>6<\/sup> Hippolytus, <em>Commentariorum in Danielem<\/em> 2.7.<br \/><sup>7<\/sup> Tertullian, <em>De Carne Christi<\/em> 4.27.<br \/><sup>8<\/sup> Irenaeus, <em>Adversus Haereses<\/em> 5.29.1.<br \/><sup>9<\/sup> <em>Pastor Hermae<\/em>, vision 2.2.<\/p><p><\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>The Early Church in Tribulation<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000From its inception, Christianity faced oppression and tribulation of varying degrees. After the Roman Emperor Nero (37-68 AD) set fire to Rome and put the blame on the Christians, the Church became an outlawed organization under the Roman Empire. At that time, merely having faith in Christ was sufficient grounds for a death sentence. In the early second century, the governor Pliny the Younger (61-113 AD) wrote to Emperor Trajan (53-117 AD) for guidance on how to deal with Christians, saying, \u201cFor the moment this is the line I have taken with all persons brought before me on the charge of being Christians. I have asked them in person if they are Christians, and if they admit it, I repeat the question a second and third time, with a warning of the punishment awaiting them. If they persist, I order them to be led away for execution.\u201d <sup>1<\/sup> Trajan responded, affirming that Pliny \u201chad followed the right course of procedure,\u201d while cautioning him: \u201cin the case of anyone who denies that he is a Christian \u2026 make it clear that he is not by worshipping our gods.\u201d <sup>2<\/sup><\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000For over two centuries before Emperor Constantine the Great (272-337 AD) issued the <em>Edictum Mediolanense<\/em> in 313 AD, Christians endured countless brutal persecutions. Some were crucified <em>en masse<\/em>, burned, or torn apart by lions in the arena. Even children were clad in animal skins and devoured by rabid dogs. Emperor Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD) incited mobs to attack the Church. During his reign, Christians \u201cendured every kind of disgrace that frenzied mobs habitually inflicted upon their enemies and adversaries.\u201d <sup>3<\/sup> Emperor Decius (201-252 AD) demanded that all citizens must \u201coffer sacrifices, pour libations, and partake of the sacrificial meat\u201d to the Roman gods as proof of their allegiance, threatening torture for those who refused. <sup>4<\/sup> Emperor Diocletian (245-311 AD) went further, ordering churches to be \u201cleveled to the ground and the Scriptures burned.\u201d To subdue Christians who feared no death, he \u201cimprisoned church leaders throughout the empire and employed every means to force them to sacrifice,\u201d aiming to shatter the faith of the Christian community. <sup>5<\/sup><\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Exhortations from the Early Church Fathers<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000It is evident from the extant writings of the early Church Fathers that the early Church, enduring prolonged brutal persecution and suffering, did not give rise to bitterness, resentment, or despair. On the contrary, believers consistently confronted adversity from a spiritual perspective, placing their trust in Christ and looking forward to future glory. The teachings of these Fathers regarding tribulation and suffering can be summarized in the following three exhortations:<\/p><ol><li><em><strong>The Lord is present in tribulation, bringing comfort to suffering saints<\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> as the presbyter Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170-235 AD) stated, persecution and tribulation stem from the Antichrist\u2019s assault upon the saints, yet believers may look to \u201cthe Lord appearing from heaven.\u201d <sup>6<\/sup> This manifestation enables the saints to turn adversity into victory\u2014either gaining strength to endure suffering or beholding the Lord\u2019s face after martyrdom.<\/li><li><em><strong>Death is not the end of life, but a beautiful moment of temporary rest<\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> Tertullian (c. 155-220 AD) explained Matthew 6:6, noting that \u201cyour room\u201d symbolizes the grave, where those who depart during the fierce final assault of the Antichrist may rest for a time. <sup>7<\/sup> Therefore, saints need not fear suffering or death; departing to be with the Lord is something to be longed for.<\/li><li><em><strong>The saints who endure to the end in tribulation shall receive the crown of glory<\/strong><\/em><strong>:<\/strong> Irenaeus (c. 125-202 AD), interpreting the great tribulation described in Matthew 24:21, explicitly states, \u201cThis is the final trial of the righteous, and those who overcome shall receive the crown of immortality.\u201d <sup>8<\/sup> Therefore, what saints should fear is not tribulation itself, but rather any weakening or falling away in their faith due to persecution, causing them to lose their portion of heavenly blessings.<\/li><\/ol><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000According to this understanding, saints can face all kinds of persecution and tribulations with joyful hearts, as stated in the Apostolic Father\u2019s work <em>Pastor Hermae<\/em>: \u201cHappy are you who endure the great tribulation that is at hand.\u201d <sup>9<\/sup> They valued the eternal spiritual life in heaven far more than the fleeting physical life on earth. This principle is what they learned from the suffering and death of the Lord Jesus Christ.<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000Today, the world is filled with suffering. There are afflictions that we endure clearly for the sake of faith, and in such cases, the teachings of the Church Fathers offer believers fitting encouragement. Yet, for some cases of suffering, it is harder to discern the meaning. Internationally, wars claim countless lives and leave countless displaced; locally, human-made disasters tear families apart and lay waste to homes. These sufferings are real and cause deep lamentation. Nevertheless, the early Church Fathers reminded believers: do not fix your eyes solely on this fleeting world; instead, gaze with spiritual vision toward the eternal future, believing that <em><strong>tribulations are but temporary trials, and Christ is our ever-present help<\/strong><\/em>. Physical suffering, even death, need not be dreaded. By persevering to the end amid tribulations, one will receive the heavenly reward of glory.<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3><p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>1<\/sup> Pliny the Younger, <em>Epistulae<\/em> 10.96.<br \/><sup>2<\/sup> Pliny the Younger, <em>Epistulae<\/em> 10.97.<br \/><sup>3<\/sup> Eusebius, <em>Historia Ecclesiastica<\/em> 5.1.<br \/><sup>4<\/sup> George Milligan, <em>Greek Papyri<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912), no. 48.<br \/><sup>5<\/sup> Eusebius, <em>Historia Ecclesiastica<\/em> 8.2.<br \/><sup>6<\/sup> Hippolytus, <em>Commentariorum in Danielem<\/em> 2.7.<br \/><sup>7<\/sup> Tertullian, <em>De Carne Christi<\/em> 4.27.<br \/><sup>8<\/sup> Irenaeus, <em>Adversus Haereses<\/em> 5.29.1.<br \/><sup>9<\/sup> <em>Pastor Hermae<\/em>, vision 2.2.<\/p><p><!-- \/wp:post-content --><\/p><!-- \/wp:freeform --><\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u6881\u4fca\u8c6a<\/h4>\n<p>\u65b0\u7d04\u526f\u6559\u6388<\/p>\n<h4>Bernard Leung<\/h4>\n<p>Associate Professor of New Testament<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-2.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u5c0d\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u5169\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u770b\u5230\u5225\u4eba\u53d7\u82e6\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u8207\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc3\u751f\u540c\u60c5\uff0c\u70ba\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u5e78\u611f\u5230\u96e3\u904e\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u95dc\u5fc3\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u798f\u7949\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u80fd\u5920\u7406\u89e3\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9ad4\u6703\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u5171\u9cf4\u3002\u7576\u5a92\u9ad4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5831\u5c0e\u707d\u96e3\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u7136\u5c0d\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7522\u751f\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u9019\u4efd\u540c\u60c5\u63a8\u52d5\u6211\u5011\u95dc\u5fc3\u3001\u6170\u554f\u6216\u65bd\u4e88\u63f4\u52a9\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6350\u6b3e\uff09\u7d66\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\uff0c\u671f\u671b\u6e1b\u8f15\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u82e6\u695a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6240\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6b63\u80fd\u5920\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u5011\uff1f\u9019\u662f\u5341\u5206\u503c\u5f97\u63a2\u8a0e\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u904e\u5ea6\u6170\u554f\u53ef\u80fd\u5e36\u7d66\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u58d3\u529b\uff1b\u91cd\u8907\u8ac7\u8ad6\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u9020\u6210\u4e8c\u6b21\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u51fa\u65bc\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6642\u5e38\u64d4\u6f14\u65bd\u4e88\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u7ad9\u5728\u5b89\u5168\u754c\u7dda\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5411\u53d7\u52a9\u8005\u4f38\u51fa\u63f4\u624b\uff0c\u4f46\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u548c\u7acb\u5834\u537b\u53ef\u80fd\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u7576\u5a92\u9ad4\u6e1b\u5c11\u5831\u5c0e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u8a34\u6c42\u548c\u8655\u5883\u9010\u6f38\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u4e5f\u5c31\u9010\u6f38\u6e1b\u9000\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u53bb\u5224\u65b7\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u53cd\u61c9\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u8aaa\u6bd4\u8f03\u964c\u751f\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6211\u5011\u8a2d\u8eab\u8655\u5730\uff0c\u63a1\u7d0d\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u82e6\u6cc1\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\u3002\u653e\u4e0b\u81ea\u6211\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u4ee3\u5165\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6700\u80fd\u80af\u5b9a\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u4e26\u5c55\u73fe\u6211\u5011\u6700\u771f\u6470\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u548c\u5718\u7d50\u3002\u4f46\u8981\u9054\u5230\u9019\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5171\u9cf4\uff0c\u5c0d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5c0d\u63a5\u53d7\u904e\u5c08\u696d\u8a13\u7df4\u7684\u8f14\u5c0e\u4eba\u54e1\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u7576\u8017\u8cbb\u7cbe\u529b\u3002\u82e5\u679c\u671f\u9593\u5ffd\u8996\u4e86\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u754c\u7dda\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u9677\u5165\u6291\u9b31\u72c0\u614b\u6216\u51fa\u73fe\u5fc3\u7406\u5275\u50b7\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u300c\u8a18\u5f97\u300d\u8207\u300c\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\u300d<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p 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\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\uff0c\u548c\u5408\u672c\u4fee\u8a02\u7248\u548c\u65b0\u6f22\u8a9e\u8b6f\u672c\u8b6f\u4f5c\u300c\u597d\u50cf\u4f60\u5011\u4e5f\u89aa\u8eab\u53d7\u5230\u8650\u5f85\u4e00\u6a23\u300d\u3002\u539f\u6587\u7684\u1f10\u03bd \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\uff08\u300c\u5728\u8eab\u9ad4\u4e0a\u300d\uff09\u8868\u9054<strong>\u5fb9\u5e95\u8a8d\u540c<\/strong>\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u790e\u662f\u6211\u5011\u540c\u6709\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u548c\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7d50\u9023\u3002<\/p>\n<p 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align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u66f8\u4f5c\u8005\u66f4\u5f62\u5bb9\u5927\u796d\u53f8\u80fd\u5920\u300c\u540c\u60c5\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u8edf\u5f31\u300d\uff08\u56db15\uff09\u3002\u300c\u540c\u60c5\u300d\uff08\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\uff0c\u6216\u8b6f\u300c\u9ad4\u6064\u300d\uff09\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5206\u4eab\u8edf\u5f31\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u89aa\u8eab\u300c\u5728\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u53d7\u904e\u8a66\u63a2\uff0c\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u6a23\u300d\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u4f5c\u70ba\u5927\u796d\u53f8\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u9ad8\u9ad8\u5728\u4e0a\u5730\u53ef\u6190\u3001\u540c\u60c5\u6211\u5011\u56e0\u4eba\u6027\u8edf\u5f31\u3001\u843d\u5165\u8a66\u63a2\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u6551\u7684\u82e6\u6cc1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u5728\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u300d\u8207\u6211\u5011\u300c\u76f8\u540c\u300d\uff08\u4e8c17\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8981\u7d93\u6b77\u8207\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u53c3\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u8edf\u5f31\uff0c\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7d50\u9023\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<b>\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5426\u300c\u8a18\u5f97\u300d\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\uff0c\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\uff0c\u5728\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u5b78\u50cf\u57fa\u7763<\/b>\uff0c\u653e\u4e0b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8eab\u5206\u3001\u89c0\u9ede\u6216\u81ea\u4ee5\u70ba\u8207\u5225\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u3001\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e26\u63a5\u53d7\u81ea\u5df1\u8207\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u6709\u540c\u6a23\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u3002\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u8edf\u5f31\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u9003\u907f\u82e6\u695a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9003\u907f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u548c\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u82e6\u695a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7121\u8996\u5225\u4eba\u4e4b\u82e6\uff0c\u4ee5\u7a2e\u7a2e\u7406\u7531\u5283\u6e05\u754c\u7dda\uff0c\u5272\u65b7\u5f7c\u6b64\u9593\u7684\u7d50\u9023\uff0c\u9019\u7121\u7591\u7b49\u65bc\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u6bd4\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u66f4\u9ad8\u8cb4\u3001\u66f4\u795e\u6027\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u7279\u6b0a\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u8b77\u3002\u8981\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\uff0c\u8207\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7d50\u9023\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u50cf\u57fa\u7763\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7d50\u9023\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u6211\u5011\u7684\u540c\u884c\u548c\u5e6b\u52a9\u624d\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Two Responses to Those Who Suffer<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000When we witness others suffering, we typically have two reactions: First, most people feel sympathy, grieving for their misfortune and thus caring about their well-being; second, some individuals can understand the sufferer\u2019s perspective, empathize with their feelings, and resonate with them. When disasters receive extensive media coverage, we naturally experience the first reaction toward the victims. This sympathy drives us to offer care, condolences, or aid (such as donations) to those suffering, hoping to alleviate their pain. However, does what we do truly help them? This is a question well worth exploring. Excessive expressions of condolences may place undue pressure on those suffering. Repeated discussion of the disaster may also cause secondary trauma. In these acts of sympathy, we often assume the role of benefactors, extending aid from a safe distance. Yet, our perspectives and positions may differ significantly from theirs. As media coverage diminishes, our understanding of the victims\u2019 needs and conditions gradually fades. Our attention and sympathy wane, and we may even judge their feelings based on our own yardsticks. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000The second type of response is less familiar to us, requiring us to put ourselves in their shoes, adopt the perspective of those suffering, and empathize deeply with their plight. Setting aside our own views and deeply immersing ourselves in the sufferer\u2019s perspective and emotional world best affirms their feelings and demonstrates our most genuine humanity and solidarity. However, such deep resonance is quite exhausting for most people\u2014even professionally trained counselors. If boundaries are neglected during the process, it may even plunge one into depression or psychological distress. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong> \u201cRemember\u201d and \u201cSince You Also Are in the Body\u201d <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000Nonetheless, the Epistle of Hebrews urges believers to adopt an attitude akin to the second response toward those persecuted for their faith: \u201c&#8230; and [remember] those who are mistreated, since you also are in the body\u201d (13:3b ESV). The verb \u201cremember\u201d is in the present tense in Greek; accordingly, NIV renders it as \u201cContinue to remember \u2026\u201d The command denotes more than mere mental recollection or a verbal expression of concern, but <em><strong>a call to take concrete action to provide ongoing assistance to those in tragedy<\/em><\/strong>. This command to continue remembering those who are mistreated is grounded in the recognition that \u201cyou also are in the body,\u201d indicating that all share in the weakness of bodily existence. This common humanity thus becomes the basis for solidarity with those who suffer. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000This solidarity with others is fully revealed in Christ\u2019s redemptive work. Hebrews 2:11 states that the Son of God, as the High Priest, and the people who are called His brothers and sisters \u201call have one source.\u201d Since the people \u201cshare in flesh and blood,\u201d possessing fragile human nature, Christ likewise shared this humanity and \u201cpartook of the same things\u201d (2:14), \u201cto be made like his brothers in every respect\u201d (2:17), having \u201csuffered when tempted,\u201d \u201cto help those who are being tempted\u201d (2:18), thereby fulfilling the high priest\u2019s role of atoning for the people. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000The author of Hebrews further describes the High Priest as one who is capable of \u201c[sympathizing] with our weaknesses\u201d (4:15). \u201cTo sympathize\u201d (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, NIV renders as \u201cto empathize\u201d) is not merely an emotional response, but a shared experience of human frailties, having been \u201cin every respect \u2026 tempted as we are\u201d (4:15). Christ, as the High Priest, does not stand aloof in a position of superiority, merely pitying with our plight as those who, in human frailty, fall into temptation and are unable to deliver themselves. Instead, He chose to be \u201cmade like [us] in every respect\u201d (2:17), even to the point of experiencing the same frailties. This means full participation in our human weaknesses as an expression of solidarity with us. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000<em><strong>Whether we can \u201cremember\u201d those who suffer and feel their pain as our own depends on whether we have learned to be like Christ<\/em><\/strong>\u2014laying aside our own status, perspectives, or perceived differences, to acknowledge, embody, and accept that we share the same fragile humanity as those who are suffering. One weakness of human nature is the tendency to flee from pain\u2014our own and that of others. However, to disregard the suffering of others by erecting boundaries through various justifications and severing the bonds that connect us amounts to the implicit claim that one\u2019s own humanity is more noble, more divine, and more entitled to protection than that of others. To share in the experience of others and to be joined with those who suffer, one must identify with them in the same way that Christ identifies with us. Only then does our companionship and aid hold meaning. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h4>\u9ec3\u798f\u5149<\/h4>\u526f\u9662\u9577\uff08\u5b78\u8853\uff09\u3001\u820a\u7d04\u6559\u6388<h4>Fook-kong Wong<\/h4>\nVice-President (Research) <br \/>\n Professor of Old Testament\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=1024%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=2048%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E9%99%A2%E8%A8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0-1.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u70ba\u4f55\u707d\u798d\u81e8\u5230\uff1f<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u7576\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u6703\u554f\u300c\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u8a31\u591a\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e8b\u60c5\u767c\u751f\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u3002\u6839\u64da\u4e16\u754c\u885b\u751f\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u6578\u64da\uff0c\u622a\u81f32026\u5e741\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u5408\u51717,110,188\u4eba\u6b7b\u65bc\u65b0\u51a0\u80ba\u708e\uff08COVID-19\uff09\u3002<sup>1<\/sup> \u8ddd\u96e2\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u8fd1\u7684\u5927\u57d4\u5b8f\u798f\u82d1\u706b\u707d\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6578\u9054168\u4eba\u3002\u9019\u5169\u5834\u707d\u96e3\u90fd\u5c0d\u9999\u6e2f\u5dff\u6c11\u9020\u6210\u6df1\u9060\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8d77\u56e0\u4e26\u975e\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u77e5\u66c9\u3002\u65b0\u51a0\u75ab\u60c5\u662f\u7531\u65b0\u578b\u51a0\u72c0\u75c5\u6bd2SARS-CoV-2\u5f15\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u57d4\u706b\u707d\u5df2\u67e5\u660e\u591a\u9805\u8087\u56e0\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u9805\u662f\u795e\u7955\u83ab\u6e2c\u6216\u7121\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u70ba\u4f55\u6211\u5011\u5373\u4f7f\u77e5\u9053\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u4ecd\u8981\u8ffd\u554f\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u5462\uff1f\u60f3\u5fc5\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u55ae\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u707d\u798d\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\uff0c\u66f4\u6e34\u671b\u660e\u767d\u5176\u6df1\u5c64\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c<b>\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u795e\u5bb9\u8a31\u2015\u2015\u751a\u6216\u4fc3\u4f7f\u2015\u2015\u707d\u798d\u767c\u751f<\/b>\u3002\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u88cf\uff0c\u795e\u900f\u904e\u5929\u4f7f\u3001\u5148\u77e5\u3001\u7570\u8c61\u6216\u5922\u5883\u50b3\u9054\u7942\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5411\u4eba\u986f\u73fe\uff0c\u89aa\u81ea\u50b3\u905e\u7942\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\uff0c\u4e00\u9ede\u4e5f\u4e0d\u542b\u7cca\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u975e\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u638c\u63a7\u2015\u2015\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u88cf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bc4\u671b\u5f9e\u9019\u4e9b\u9014\u5f91\u7372\u5f97\u89e3\u91cb\u3002<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u8056\u7d93\uff0c\u662f\u65e2\u6613\u53d6\u5f97\u4e14\u5177\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u5c0d\u707d\u798d\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8a31\u591a\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5305\u62ec\u90aa\u9748\u7684\u653b\u64ca\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7d04\u4f2f\u8a18\uff09\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7f6a\u6027\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u58eb\u5341\u4e5d\uff5e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\uff09\u3001\u76f8\u95dc\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u611a\u6627\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff08\u7bb4\u534114\uff0c\u5341\u56db16\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u795e\u7684\u5be9\u5224\uff08\u7533\u4e8c\u5341\u516b15-68\uff09\u3002\u50b3\u9053\u66f8\u4e5d\u7ae012\u7bc0\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5371\u53ca\u751f\u547d\u7684\u707d\u798d\uff08\u539f\u6587\u4f5c\u300c\u60e1\u6642\u300d\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6beb\u7121\u9810\u8b66\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5ffd\u7136\u81e8\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u58ae\u843d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u707d\u96e3\u662f\u5e38\u614b\uff0c\u7121\u9700\u591a\u52a0\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u5f9e\u8f03\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u795e\u5bb9\u8a31\u67d0\u4e9b\u707d\u798d\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u85c9\u6b64\u6559\u5c0e\u6216\u8a13\u7df4\u6211\u5011\u5b78\u7fa9\uff08\u7533\u516b1-3\uff1b\u5f7c\u524d\u4e006-7\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u9019\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8499\u53ec\u70ba\u795e\u570b\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u82e6\uff08\u592a\u4e9410-12\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5168\u90fd\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u4f46<b>\u554f\u984c\u662f\u6211\u5011\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u5920\u8fa8\u660e\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u500b\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u54ea\u500b\u624d\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u89e3\u7b54<\/b>\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u70ba\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f04\u932f\u4e86\u3002\u7d04\u4f2f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4fbf\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u77e5\u9053\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u8ab0\u77e5\u662f\u770b\u932f\u4e86\u3002<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u63a2\u5c0b\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u610f\u7fa9<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000<b>\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u63a2\u5c0b\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u6642\uff0c\u8a72\u5148\u8abf\u67e5\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8087\u56e0\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e5f\u8a31\u5c31\u662f\u610f\u7fa9\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/b>\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u82e5\u6709\u4eba\u72af\u7f6a\u3001\u72af\u6cd5\u6216\u505a\u4e86\u611a\u6627\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u62db\u81f4\u707d\u798d\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u798d\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u61c9\u8a72\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7f6a\u60e1\u3001\u904e\u72af\u6216\u611a\u6627\u800c\u6094\u6539\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u5c0b\u6c42\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u6b64\u8209\u5c0d\u65bc\u9632\u6b62\u707d\u96e3\u91cd\u6f14\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4f46<b>\u5047\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u8087\u56e0\u4e26\u4e0d\u660e\u78ba\uff0c\u5f37\u4f5c\u89e3\u91cb\u5247\u6703\u9069\u5f97\u5176\u53cd<\/b>\uff0c\u7121\u52a9\u65bc\u963b\u6b62\u707d\u96e3\u91cd\u6f14\u3002\u6cc1\u4e14\uff0c\u5c07\u904e\u5931\u6b78\u548e\u65bc\u7121\u8f9c\u8005\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u6b20\u516c\u5141\u3002<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9808\u518d\u8ac7\u8ac7\u7d04\u4f2f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u6c92\u6709\u51fa\u932f\u2015\u2015\u795e\u734e\u8cde\u9075\u884c\u7942\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u61f2\u7f70\u9055\u80cc\u8005\uff0c\u9019\u89c0\u5ff5\u53ef\u898b\u65bc\u8056\u7d93\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7533\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\uff1b\u58eb\u4e097-8\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u662f\u628a\u9019\u500b\u795e\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u5957\u7528\u5728\u7d04\u4f2f\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u61c9\u7528\u932f\u8aa4\u6bd4\u8a6e\u91cb\u932f\u8aa4\u66f4\u96e3\u7cfe\u6b63\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u500b\u4e3b\u89c0\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u8056\u7d93\u70ba\u707d\u798d\u548c\u82e6\u96e3\u63d0\u4f9b\u8a31\u591a\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u5224\u65b7\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u500b\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u54ea\u500b\u89e3\u91cb\uff08\u5982\u6709\uff09\u65b9\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4f3d\u9054\u9ed8\u723e\uff08Hans-Georg Gadamer\uff09\u5f15\u8ff0\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff08Immanuel Kant\uff09\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u898f\u5247\u898f\u7bc4\u6211\u5011\u5408\u7406\u5730\u904b\u7528\u898f\u5247\u3002\u300d<sup>2<\/sup> \u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u672c\u8056\u7d93\u6559\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u7528\u8056\u7d93\u3002\u9019\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\uff1a<b>\u5373\u4f7f\u8a6e\u91cb\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u5728\u61c9\u7528\u6642\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u932f\u3002<\/b>\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7814\u8b80\u8056\u7d93\u4e0d\u50c5\u95dc\u4e4e\u6b77\u53f2\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u9084\u9700\u8981\u8056\u9748\u5f15\u5c0e\u548c\u8fa8\u8b58\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5c07\u771f\u7406\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u61c9\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f0f<\/strong><\/h3><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u9762\u5c0d\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u8def\u5f97\u8a18\u4e2d\u7684\u8def\u5f97\u548c\u6ce2\u963f\u65af\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u61c9\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u7d04\u4f2f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u8def\u5f97\u6c92\u6709\u8a66\u5716\u89e3\u91cb\u62ff\u4fc4\u7c73\u70ba\u4f55\u5931\u53bb\u4e08\u592b\u548c\u5169\u500b\u5152\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u966a\u4f34\u5979\u8fd4\u56de\u4f2f\u5229\u6046\uff0c\u6089\u5fc3\u7167\u9867\u5979\u3002\u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u6ce2\u963f\u65af\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u5617\u8a66\u89e3\u91cb\u60b2\u5287\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u751f\u5728\u62ff\u4fc4\u7c73\u548c\u8def\u5f97\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5354\u52a9\u5979\u5011\u7372\u53d6\u7ce7\u98df\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u66f4\u6210\u70ba\u5979\u5011\u7684\u300c\u89aa\u5c6c\u8d16\u8005\u300d\uff08kinsman redeemer\uff09\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u707d\u798d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u7121\u80fd\u70ba\u529b\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5f88\u591a\u5be6\u4e8b\u53bb\u5e6b\u52a9\u53d7\u707d\u8005\u3002<\/p><p align=\"\u201cjustify\u201d\">\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u63a2\u6c42\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u6df1\u5c64\u610f\u7fa9\u55ce\uff1f\u6211\u60f3\u5c0d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u601d\u662f\u5f9e\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6c72\u53d6\u751a\u9ebc\u5c6c\u9748\u6559\u8a13\u3002\u9019\u6d89\u53ca\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u9818\u53d7\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u89aa\u8eab\u7d93\u6b77\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4e2d\u9818\u609f\u5c6c\u9748\u7684\u529f\u8ab2\uff1b\u82e5\u89aa\u6b77\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8aaa\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6307\u53e6\u4e00\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5426\u5728\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u8fa8\u8b58\u795e\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u61c9\u7576\u8b39\u614e\u4e86\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e16\u4ee3\u90aa\u60e1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u795e\u85c9\u65b0\u51a0\u75c5\u6bd2\u4f86\u61f2\u7f70\u4e16\u754c\uff1f\u6291\u6216\u9019\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u518d\u4f86\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u9663\u75db\u9810\u5146\uff08\u53ef\u5341\u4e098\uff09\uff1f\u5169\u8005\u7686\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u80af\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u89e3\u91cb\u7576\u4f5c\u771f\u7406\u53bb\u6559\u5c0e\u4eba\u3002\u8207\u5176\u63d0\u51fa\u7121\u6cd5\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5207\u5be6\u9075\u884c\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae029\u7bc0\u7684\u6559\u8a13\uff1a\u300c\u96b1\u7955\u7684\u4e8b\u662f\u5c6c\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u2500\u2500\u6211\u5011\u795e\u7684\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u660e\u986f\u7684\u4e8b\u662f\u6c38\u9060\u5c6c\u6211\u5011\u548c\u6211\u5011\u5b50\u5b6b\u7684\uff0c\u597d\u53eb\u6211\u5011\u9075\u884c\u9019\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u8a71\u3002\u300d\u540c\u6a23\uff0c<b>\u795e\u5bb9\u8a31\u6216\u4fc3\u4f7f\u707d\u798d\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u4e5f\u8a31\u96b1\u800c\u4e0d\u986f\uff1b\u4f46\u7942\u5429\u5490\u6211\u5011\u5e6b\u52a9\u6709\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u9019\u65e8\u610f\u5df2\u6e05\u695a\u986f\u660e\u4e86<\/b>\u3002<\/p><h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3><p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>1<\/sup> \u201cNumber of COVID-19 deaths reported to WHO\u201d\u3014\u7db2\u4e0a\u8cc7\u6599\u3015\uff1b\u53d6\u81ea\u4e16\u754c\u885b\u751f\u7d44\u7e54\uff08World Health Organization\uff09\u7db2\u9801\uff08https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/deaths\uff09\uff1b\u700f\u89bd\u65bc2026\u5e742\u670813\u65e5\u3002<br \/><sup>2<\/sup> Hans-Georg Gadamer, <em>Reason in the Age of Science<\/em>, trans. Grederick G. Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), 121.<\/p><p><\/p><p align=\"right\"><b>\uff08\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff1a\u9673\u79c0\u5a9a\uff09<\/b><\/p><h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Why Does It Happen? <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000It is not uncommon for people to ask, \u201cWhy?\u201d when something bad happens. Actually, in many cases, the immediate causes are known. According to the World Health Organization, as of January 25, 2026, 7,110,188 people have died from COVID-19. <sup>1<\/sup> Closer to home, the official figure of people who died in the Wang Fuk Court fire is 168. Both disasters impact Hong Kong residents deeply, but their causes are not unknown. The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Quite a number of causes for the fire at Tai Po have been identified, and none of them is mysterious or unfathomable. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000So, why do we ask why even when we know the immediate cause of a disaster? I think the reason is that we want to know the deeper meaning of a disaster rather than just the cause. <em><strong>In other words, we want to know why God allowed or even caused it to happen. <\/em><\/strong> In the Bible, God communicates his will through angels, prophets, visions, or dreams. He may also appear to convey his words. So, there was no ambiguity. Nevertheless, these events are beyond human control; this was the case in the Bible and is certainly the case today. Thus, we cannot depend on them to explain why a disaster happens today. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000A readily accessible and authoritative source of information is the Bible, which gives us quite a lot of explanations about why disasters happen. They include attacks by evil spirits (e.g., Job), the sinfulness of humanity (e.g., Jgs 19-21), foolish decisions of people involved (Prv 10:14; 14:16), and judgment of God (Dt 28:15-68). Ecclesiastes 9:12 states that a life-threatening disaster (lit. \u201cevil time\u201d) may befall anyone suddenly without warning. That is, disaster is a norm in this fallen world and may require no further explanation. More positively, some disasters may be permitted as a means of teaching or training us in righteousness (Dt 8:1-3; 1 Pt 1:6-7). We may also be called to suffer for the sake of God\u2019s Kingdom (Mt 5:10-12). They are all legitimate answers, but the problem is that we may not know which of these is the correct answer in a specific situation. Moreover, we may be mistaken even if we think we know. This was the case with Job\u2019s friends. They thought they knew, but they were wrong. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>The Meaning of a Disaster<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000<em><strong>I think that in searching for the meaning of a disaster, we should begin with the immediate cause since it may also be the meaning. <\/em><\/strong> For example, if a person commits a sin, a crime, or something foolish that brings a disaster on himself (and perhaps on others), he should repent of his sin, crime, or foolishness. There is no need to look for a deeper meaning. This step is important to prevent the disaster from happening again. However, <em><strong>if the immediate cause is not obvious, forcing an explanation is counterproductive<\/em><\/strong>. It won\u2019t prevent the disaster from recurring. Moreover, it is unjust to blame an innocent person for wrongdoing. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000This brings us back to Job\u2019s friends. Their theology was not wrong. The notion that God rewards those who keep his words but punishes those who disobey is found in the Bible (e.g., Dt 28; Jgs 3:7-8). It was their application of that theology to Job that was wrong. Wrong application is more difficult to correct than wrong interpretation because it is a subjective decision. Although the Bible offers many explanations for disasters and suffering, it is not easy to decide which of these explanations (if any) is correct in a specific situation. As Hans-Georg Gadamer, quoting Immanuel Kant, says, \u201cThere are no rules governing the reasonable use of rules.\u201d <sup>2<\/sup> We don\u2019t have another Bible to teach us how to use the Bible. This warns us that <em><strong>even when our interpretation is correct, we may still make a mistake in application<\/em><\/strong>. This is why Bible study is not just concerned about historical information, grammatical analyses, and theological knowledge. We also need the guidance of the Holy Spirit and discernment to appropriate it correctly in our lives. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #235ba8; font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Another Approach<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000Another approach to disaster was taken by Ruth and Boaz in the Book of Ruth. Unlike Job\u2019s friends, Ruth did not try to explain the reason Naomi lost her husband and sons. Instead, she accompanied Naomi back to Bethlehem to take care of her. Similarly, Boaz did not try to explain the tragedy that befell Naomi and Ruth. Instead, he helped them get food and later became their kinsman redeemer. Just because we cannot give an explanation for a disaster does not mean we can do nothing. On the contrary, we can do many practical things to help the victims. <\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d>\u3000\u3000So, should we attempt to find deeper meanings in a disaster? I think that for most people, it means whether there are any spiritual lessons we can learn from it. This is a subjective perception. There is no reason why we cannot learn spiritual lessons from a disaster, even if we are not personally involved; more so, if we are personally involved. At another level, if the question is whether we can discern God\u2019s will in the disaster, we should be wary. Was God punishing this world through COVID-19 because of its wickedness? Or was it the birth pangs heralding the Second Coming of Christ (Mk 13:8)? They are both possible, but we can\u2019t be sure. Therefore, we should not teach them as truths. Instead of offering uncertain explanations, we do well to heed the teachings of Deuteronomy 29:29, which says, \u201cThe secret things belong to the LORD our God, but the things that are revealed belong to us and to our children forever, that we may do all the words of this law\u201d (ESV). Similarly, <em><strong>God\u2019s will in allowing or causing a disaster to happen may be hidden from us, but his will for us to help those in need is clearly manifested<\/em><\/strong>. <\/p> \n<h3 style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 10px;\">____________________________________________<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><sup>1<\/sup> \u201cNumber of COVID-19 Deaths Reported to WHO\u201d [data online]; available form World Health Organization website (https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/deaths); accessed 13 February 2026.<br \/>\n<sup>2<\/sup> Hans-Georg Gadamer, <em>Reason in the Age of Science<\/em>, trans. Grederick G. Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), 121.<p><!-- \/wp:post-content --><\/p><!-- \/wp:freeform --><\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><p><img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"828\" height=\"206\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%93%B7%E5%8F%96%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2-2026-04-08-095036.jpg?resize=828%2C206&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%93%B7%E5%8F%96%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2-2026-04-08-095036.jpg?w=828&amp;ssl=1 828w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%93%B7%E5%8F%96%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2-2026-04-08-095036.jpg?resize=300%2C75&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%93%B7%E5%8F%96%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2-2026-04-08-095036.jpg?resize=768%2C191&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E6%93%B7%E5%8F%96%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2-2026-04-08-095036.jpg?resize=18%2C4&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 828px) 100vw, 828px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<style>.elementor-element-e4691bf{display:none !important}<\/style>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d><font face=\"\u6a19\u6977\u9ad4\">\u6642\u4ee3\u7d1b\u4e82\uff0c\u707d\u96e3\u983b\u4ecd\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u9762\u5c0d\uff1f\u8056\u7d93\u6216\u795e\u5b78\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u63d0\u9192\u6216\u5b89\u6170\uff1f\u6211\u5011\u9080\u8acb\u4e86\u591a\u4f4d\u8001\u5e2b\u5f9e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u63a2\u8a0e\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\u201cjustify\u201d><font face=\"comic sans ms\">In an age marked by turmoil and disaster, how should Christians respond? What counsel and consolation does God\u2019s Word and theology give us? To explore these questions from diverse perspectives, we have invited some of our faculty members to share their reflections. <\/font><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"listing-item\"><div class=\"content\"><h2><strong>\u6642\u9593\u662f\u795e\u5275\u9020\u7684\u55ce\uff1f\u2014\u2014\u518d\u601d\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u8ad6\u6642\u9593\u7684\u8d77\u6e90<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u6642\u9593\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u88cf\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6975\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u300c\u6642\u9593\u300d\u4e0d\u50c5\u5438\u5f15\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u770b\u5f85\u842c\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u300a\u61fa\u6094\u9304\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u5c07\u6642\u9593\u5167\u7f6e\u65bc\u795e\u7684\u5275\u9020\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u6210\u70ba\u5f8c\u4e16\u63a2\u8a0e\u7269\u7406\u6642\u9593\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u6642\u9593\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u601d\u60f3\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u8b1b\u5ea7\u5c07\u7576\u4ee3\u7406\u8ad6\u7269\u7406\u53ca\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u6642\u9593\u7406\u8ad6\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u7684\u6642\u9593\u8d77\u6e90\u8ad6\uff0c\u5617\u8a66\u5be6\u73fe\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b0\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u6587\u672c\u8a6e\u91cb\u4e0a\u7684\u300c\u8996\u57df\u878d\u5408\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/mZGUMhs3tgdxdXU16\">\u5831\u540d\u8acb\u6309\u6b64<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/mZGUMhs3tgdxdXU16\">\u62a5\u540d\u8bf7\u6309\u6b64<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>Please refer to the <a href=\"\/?p=90639\/\">Chinese page<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?resize=1024%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?resize=12%2C12&amp;ssl=1 12w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/FB_IG_Online-Taster-Lesson-Dr-Qu.png?w=1080&amp;ssl=1 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n        function show41() {\r\n            document.getElementById(\"overlay41\").style.display = \"block\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"content_wrapper_41\").style.display = \"block\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"text_41\").style.display = \"block\";\r\n        }\r\n        function hide41() {\r\n            document.getElementById(\"overlay41\").style.display = \"none\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"content_wrapper_41\").style.display = \"none\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"text_41\").style.display = \"none\";\r\n        }\r\n        \/\/ OVERLAY 41_1\r\n        function show41_1() {\r\n            document.getElementById(\"overlay41_1\").style.display = \"block\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"content_wrapper_41_1\").style.display = \"block\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"text_41_1\").style.display = \"block\";\r\n        }\r\n        function hide41_1() {\r\n            document.getElementById(\"overlay41_1\").style.display = \"none\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"content_wrapper_41_1\").style.display = \"none\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"text_41_1\").style.display = \"none\";\r\n        }\r\n        \/\/ OVERLAY 41_2\r\n        function show41_2() {\r\n            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\"none\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"content_wrapper_41_3\").style.display = \"none\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"text_41_3\").style.display = \"none\";\r\n        }\r\n        \/\/ OVERLAY 41_4\r\n        function show41_4() {\r\n            document.getElementById(\"overlay41_4\").style.display = \"block\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"content_wrapper_41_4\").style.display = \"block\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"text_41_4\").style.display = \"block\";\r\n        }\r\n        function hide41_4() {\r\n            document.getElementById(\"overlay41_4\").style.display = \"none\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"content_wrapper_41_4\").style.display = \"none\";\r\n            document.getElementById(\"text_41_4\").style.display = \"none\";\r\n        }\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n    #t9-2 {\r\n        font-size: 21px;\r\n        font-weight: 400px;\r\n        font-family: 'Lato';\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    #t9-2 tr td {\r\n        background: #f7f7f7;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 8px 5px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    #t9-2 a {\r\n        color: #555555;\r\n        text-decoration-line: underline;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n\r\n    @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n        #t9-2 tr td {\r\n            font-size: 14px !important;\r\n            font-weight: 400px;\r\n            font-family: 'Lato';\r\n            padding: 8px 6px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        #t9-2 .title {\r\n            font-size: 18px !important;\r\n        }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n\/* CONTENT - OVERLAY *\/\r\n#overlay41 {\r\n    position: fixed;\r\n    display: none;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    top: 0;\r\n    left: 0;\r\n    right: 0;\r\n    bottom: 0;\r\n    background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\r\n    z-index: 2;\r\n    cursor: pointer;\r\n    font-family: 'Lato';\r\n    font-weight: 400;\r\n}\r\n#content_wrapper_41 {\r\n    width: 640px;\r\n    height: 500px;\r\n    overflow: hidden;\r\n    display: none;\r\n    background: #FFF;\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    left: 50%;\r\n    top: 50%;\r\n    transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n    -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n    box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n    border-radius: 5px;\r\n    margin: 0px auto;\r\n    border: none;\r\n    padding: 20px 25px;\r\n}\r\n#text_41 {\r\n    display:none;\r\n    font-size: 21px;\r\n    overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 25px;\r\n}\r\n#text_41 h3 {\r\n    color: #555555;\r\n}\r\n#text_41 span {\r\n    color: #235ba8;\r\n}\r\n#text_41 p {\r\n    letter-spacing: 0.05em;\r\n    color: #555555;\r\n}\r\n@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {\r\n    #content_wrapper_41 {\r\n        width: 640px;\r\n        height: 500px;\r\n        display: none;\r\n        overflow: hidden;\r\n        background: #FFF;\r\n        position: absolute;\r\n        left: 50%;\r\n        top: 50%;\r\n        transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n        border-radius: 5px;\r\n        margin: 0px auto;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 20px 25px;\r\n    }\r\n    #text_41 {\r\n        display:none;\r\n        font-size: 2.3vw !important;\r\n            overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 25px;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {\r\n    #content_wrapper_41 {\r\n        width: 350px;\r\n        height: 400px;\r\n        overflow: hidden;\r\n        display: none;\r\n        background: #FFF;\r\n        position: absolute;\r\n        left: 50%;\r\n        top: 50%;\r\n        transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n        border-radius: 5px;\r\n        margin: 0px auto;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 20px 15px;\r\n    }\r\n    #text_41 {\r\n        display:none;\r\n        font-size: 3vw !important;\r\n            overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 15px;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* overlay41_1 *\/\r\n#overlay41_1 {\r\n    position: fixed;\r\n    display: none;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    top: 0;\r\n    left: 0;\r\n    right: 0;\r\n    bottom: 0;\r\n    background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\r\n    z-index: 2;\r\n    cursor: pointer;\r\n    font-family: 'Lato';\r\n    font-weight: 400;\r\n}\r\n#content_wrapper_41_1 {\r\n    width: 640px;\r\n    height: 500px;\r\n    overflow:hidden;\r\n    display: none;\r\n    background: #FFF;\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    left: 50%;\r\n    top: 50%;\r\n    transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n    -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n    box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n    border-radius: 5px;\r\n    margin: 0px auto;\r\n    border: none;\r\n    padding: 20px 25px;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_1 {\r\n    display:none;\r\n    font-size: 21px;\r\n    overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 25px;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_1 h3 {\r\n    color: #555555;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_1 span {\r\n    color: #235ba8;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_1 p {\r\n    letter-spacing: 0.05em;\r\n    color: #555555;\r\n}\r\n@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {\r\n    #content_wrapper_41_1 {\r\n        width: 640px;\r\n        height: 500px;\r\n        display: none;\r\n        background: #FFF;\r\n        position: absolute;\r\n        left: 50%;\r\n        top: 50%;\r\n        transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n        border-radius: 5px;\r\n        margin: 0px auto;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 20px 25px;\r\n    }\r\n    #text_41_1 {\r\n        display:none;\r\n        font-size: 2.3vw !important;\r\n        overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 25px;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {\r\n    #content_wrapper_41_1 {\r\n        width: 350px;\r\n        height: 400px;\r\n        display: none;\r\n        overflow:hidden;\r\n        background: #FFF;\r\n        position: absolute;\r\n        left: 50%;\r\n        top: 50%;\r\n        transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n        border-radius: 5px;\r\n        margin: 0px auto;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 20px 15px;\r\n    }\r\n    #text_41_1 {\r\n        display:none;\r\n        font-size: 3vw !important;\r\n        overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 15px;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* overlay41_2 *\/\r\n#overlay41_2 {\r\n    position: fixed;\r\n    display: none;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    top: 0;\r\n    left: 0;\r\n    right: 0;\r\n    bottom: 0;\r\n    background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\r\n    z-index: 2;\r\n    cursor: pointer;\r\n    font-family: 'Lato';\r\n    font-weight: 400;\r\n}\r\n#content_wrapper_41_2 {\r\n    width: 640px;\r\n    height: 500px;\r\n    display: none;\r\n    overflow: hidden;\r\n    background: #FFF;\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    left: 50%;\r\n    top: 50%;\r\n    transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n    -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n    box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n    border-radius: 5px;\r\n    margin: 0px auto;\r\n    border: none;\r\n    padding: 20px 25px;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_2 {\r\n    display:none;\r\n    font-size: 21px;\r\n    overflow: auto;\r\n    width:100%;\r\n    height:100%;\r\n    padding-right:25px;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_2 h3 {\r\n    color: #555555;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_2 span {\r\n    color: #235ba8;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_2 p {\r\n    letter-spacing: 0.05em;\r\n    color: #555555;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {\r\n    #content_wrapper_41_2 {\r\n        width: 640px;\r\n        height: 500px;\r\n        overflow: hidden;\r\n        display: none;\r\n        background: #FFF;\r\n        position: absolute;\r\n        left: 50%;\r\n        top: 50%;\r\n        transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n        border-radius: 5px;\r\n        margin: 0px auto;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 20px 25px;\r\n    }\r\n    #text_41_2 {\r\n        display:none;\r\n        font-size: 2.3vw !important;\r\n        overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 25px;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {\r\n    #content_wrapper_41_2 {\r\n        width: 350px;\r\n        height: 400px;\r\n        display: none;\r\n        overflow: hidden;\r\n        background: #FFF;\r\n        position: absolute;\r\n        left: 50%;\r\n        top: 50%;\r\n        transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n        border-radius: 5px;\r\n        margin: 0px auto;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 20px 15px;\r\n    }\r\n    #text_41_2 {\r\n        display:none;\r\n        font-size: 3vw !important;\r\n        overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 15px;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* overlay41_3 *\/\r\n#overlay41_3 {\r\n    position: fixed;\r\n    display: none;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    top: 0;\r\n    left: 0;\r\n    right: 0;\r\n    bottom: 0;\r\n    background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\r\n    z-index: 2;\r\n    cursor: pointer;\r\n    font-family: 'Lato';\r\n    font-weight: 400;\r\n}\r\n#content_wrapper_41_3 {\r\n    width: 640px;\r\n    height: 500px;\r\n    display: none;\r\n    overflow: hidden;\r\n    background: #FFF;\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    left: 50%;\r\n    top: 50%;\r\n    transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n    -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n    box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n    border-radius: 5px;\r\n    margin: 0px auto;\r\n    border: none;\r\n    padding: 20px 25px;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_3 {\r\n    display:none;\r\n    font-size: 21px;\r\n    overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 25px;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_3 h3 {\r\n    color: #555555;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_3 span {\r\n    color: #235ba8;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_3 p {\r\n    letter-spacing: 0.05em;\r\n    color: #555555;\r\n}\r\n@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {\r\n    #content_wrapper_41_3 {\r\n        width: 640px;\r\n        height: 500px;\r\n        overflow:hidden;\r\n        display: none;\r\n        background: #FFF;\r\n        position: absolute;\r\n        left: 50%;\r\n        top: 50%;\r\n        transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n        border-radius: 5px;\r\n        margin: 0px auto;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 20px 25px;\r\n    }\r\n    #text_41_3 {\r\n        display:none;\r\n        font-size: 2.3vw !important;\r\n        overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 25px;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {\r\n    #content_wrapper_41_3 {\r\n        width: 350px;\r\n        height: 400px;\r\n        overflow: hidden;\r\n        display: none;\r\n        background: #FFF;\r\n        position: absolute;\r\n        left: 50%;\r\n        top: 50%;\r\n        transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n        border-radius: 5px;\r\n        margin: 0px auto;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 20px 15px;\r\n    }\r\n    #text_41_3 {\r\n        display:none;\r\n        font-size: 3vw !important;\r\n        overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 15px;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* overlay41_4 *\/\r\n#overlay41_4 {\r\n    position: fixed;\r\n    display: none;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    top: 0;\r\n    left: 0;\r\n    right: 0;\r\n    bottom: 0;\r\n    background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\r\n    z-index: 2;\r\n    cursor: pointer;\r\n    font-family: 'Lato';\r\n    font-weight: 400;\r\n}\r\n#content_wrapper_41_4 {\r\n    width: 640px;\r\n    height: 500px;\r\n    display: none;\r\n    overflow: hidden;\r\n    background: #FFF;\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    left: 50%;\r\n    top: 50%;\r\n    transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n    -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n    box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n    border-radius: 5px;\r\n    margin: 0px auto;\r\n    border: none;\r\n    padding: 20px 25px;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_4 {\r\n    display:none;\r\n    font-size: 21px;\r\n    overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 25px;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_4 h3 {\r\n    color: #555555;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_4 span {\r\n    color: #235ba8;\r\n}\r\n#text_41_4 p {\r\n    letter-spacing: 0.05em;\r\n    color: #555555;\r\n}\r\n@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {\r\n    #content_wrapper_41_4 {\r\n        width: 640px;\r\n        height: 500px;\r\n        display: none;\r\n        overflow: hidden;\r\n        background: #FFF;\r\n        position: absolute;\r\n        left: 50%;\r\n        top: 50%;\r\n        transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n        border-radius: 5px;\r\n        margin: 0px auto;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 20px 25px;\r\n    }\r\n    #text_41_4 {\r\n        display:none;\r\n        font-size: 2.3vw !important;\r\n        overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 25px;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n@media only screen and (max-width:767px) {\r\n    #content_wrapper_41_4 {\r\n        width: 350px;\r\n        height: 400px;\r\n        display: none;\r\n        overflow: hidden;\r\n        background: #FFF;\r\n        position: absolute;\r\n        left: 50%;\r\n        top: 50%;\r\n        transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);\r\n        box-shadow: 0 0 24px #000000;\r\n        border-radius: 5px;\r\n        margin: 0px auto;\r\n        border: none;\r\n        padding: 20px 15px;\r\n    }\r\n    #text_41_4 {\r\n        display:none;\r\n        font-size: 3vw !important;\r\n        overflow: auto;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    padding-right: 15px;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n  \t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7a6afc90\" data-id=\"7a6afc90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ac63876 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5ac63876\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/hillroad_09.jpg?fit=150%2C225&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-39024\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/hillroad_09.jpg?w=150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.hkbts.edu.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/hillroad_09.jpg?resize=8%2C12&amp;ssl=1 8w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-19f9f80 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"19f9f80\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4830969\" data-id=\"4830969\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4896d83 elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-align-center submitButton elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"4896d83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"\/?page_id=24275\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u8a02\u95b1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc64599\" data-id=\"cc64599\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50a579a elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit submitButton elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"50a579a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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