山道期刊

Religious Commitment in a Pluralistic Society: An Old Testament Perspective

WONG Fook Kong

This essay begins with Brueggemann's observation about the “amazing pluralism” both within and without the Church. I agree with this statement with the qualification that this has been the experience of Asian churches all along. Pluralism both within and without its ranks is not new to Asian churches. When we look at the Old Testament against the background of the ancient Near East, it is evident that ancient Israel also lived in a pluralistic society. Different gods competed for loyalty among the nations. Within Israel too there were different views about YHWH . It is against these competing ideologies that the authors of the Bible affirmed their commitment to worship YHWH as the one and only God. Thus pluralism should not be a reason for abandoning one's commitment to worship YHWH as the one and only God. Rather, it is exactly in face of alternatives and competing claims that one needs to make a firm commitment to worship YHWH.

The Challenge of Religious Pluralism: The Book of Acts as a Test Case

Poling J. Sun

Since the 80s of the last century the issue of religious pluralism has become a challenge to Christian communities. Granted the highly developed connections among nations in this electronic age resulting in conversations and mutual influences, a plurality of cultural and religious phenomena seems inevitable. This is similar to the situation in which the early Christian communities found themselves, addressing and being addressed by a world characterized by cultural inter-penetration. With this in view, this article offers a study of several passages in the Book of Acts, attempting to explore how the early Christian communities encountered their surrounding culture in the course of finding their identity and appropriating their mission.

The Church and Pluralism in the Patristic Period: A Reconsideration of the Progress of Christianization of the Roman Empire during the Time of Constantine

Nathan K. Ng

The reason for the conversion of Constantine has long been a matter of scholarly debate. Traditionally, the emperor is believed to have been converted religiously by the power of Christ. Modern scholarship, however, tends to attribute the conversion to political reason. This article intends to reevaluate the controversial conversion through a reexamination of the progress of christianization of the Roman Empire.

The first section tries to show that the political stature of paganism was actually at that time much higher than the church. It would be very difficult to explain why Constantine chose to become a Christian if, as many modern scholars suggest, political stability was his sole concern. On this foundation, the second section argues that the emperor's bias towards Christianity was at least partially religious. Putting all evidences into consideration, a proposal of the spiritual journey of Constantine is tentatively reconstructed at the end of the discussion.

林天佑

新约助理教授

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再思保羅筆下的普紐瑪

　　使徒保羅寫希臘文πνεῦμα（音譯：普紐瑪 / pneuma）一詞時，心中所指的是甚麼？對大多數現代讀者而言，答案似乎非常簡單：人的靈或聖靈，後者即三一神的第三位格，一位賜人安慰、使人信服、滿有能力的神聖施動者。我們很自然就想起這個神學解讀，恍如理所當然的答案；讀者和譯者都幾乎本能地如此理解。但近年有人卻質疑該否把πνεῦμα譯作「靈」。本文旨在探討這些異議，並探索以其他方式翻譯πνεῦμα一詞的可能性。

　　現代學術界對這個問題的研究歷來展現出神學進路與歷史進路之間的張力。二十世紀初，袞克爾（Hermann Gunkel）提出二分法，將保羅書信中的普紐瑪從其舊約及希臘化猶太教的根源割裂出來，放進「超自然」與自然二元對立的框架。此舉影響深遠，因這框架後來由布特曼（Rudolf Bultmann）和蓋士曼（Ernst Käsemann）等巨擘進一步發展。他們深具路德宗特色的解讀，鞏固了一種「靈意」詮釋法，強調內在主觀的宗教體驗。在這個學術流派裏，靈就等同於信仰的內在生命，這卻往往忽略了其宇宙層面和形體層面。

　　二十世紀末出現了重要的修正，有學者堅持採用較有歷史根據的「物理主義」（“physicalist”）解讀方式。戴爾‧馬丁（Dale Martin）的著作《哥林多身體論》（The Corinthian Body, 1995）具有開創性意義，闡明保羅的聽眾是如何從整體性的古代宇宙觀去理解身體和靈；在這宇宙觀裏，物質與靈相互交織。其後，恩貝格—佩德森（Troels Engberg-Pedersen）在《使徒保羅的宇宙論與自我》（Cosmology and Self in the Apostle Paul, 2010）一書主張，該從斯多亞主義（Stoic）的視角解讀保羅書信中的「普紐瑪」，那是宇宙中具智慧之「氣」，是構成並聯合萬物的。這些研究標誌著重大的轉向，學者開始認真對待保羅所展現的物質觀。這意味著擱下「後笛卡兒」（post-Cartesian）的觀念：視「靈」為非物質的個人感受；並且重拾古時的實體理解：視普紐瑪為實體物質。對這些學者而言，要重拾這個解讀，最關鍵的鑰匙就是斯多亞哲學，因為那是保羅身處的希臘羅馬世界的主導思想體系。

普紐瑪――斯多亞學派所說的物質？

　　對斯多亞學派而言，普紐瑪並非靈魂或非物質存有，而是宇宙性的生命力，是氣與火的混合體，具智慧的，滲透萬物並構成整個宇宙。它是繩索的張力、植物的生長、人類的理性思維、星辰的構成物質。這普紐瑪既神聖又理性，且完全是物質的。它構成存有的層級體系（hierarchy of being），從沉重堅實的岩石到虛無飄渺的神明，物質與神性之間並沒有不可逾越的鴻溝。

　　恩貝格—佩德森主張，保羅的聽眾――無論是猶太人或外邦人――都沉浸於這種思想氛圍。當保羅談論普紐瑪，他們就聯想起這宇宙性、賦予生命力的物質。因此，將普紐瑪慣性地譯做無形無體的「聖靈」，實屬時代錯置，把心靈與身體二元對立的現代觀念引入經文；這對保羅來說，是陌生的想法。要正確解讀保羅的觀點，恩貝格—佩德森認為我們必須按字面意思去理解他這個有關物質的用語：普紐瑪是一種東西，可傾流，可飲用，可灌注；它是有形有體的實在，能由內而外轉化信徒。

　　從斯多亞物質觀的視角去看普紐瑪，將徹底重塑我們如何解讀那些熟悉的經文。先看哥林多前書十五章44至45節保羅怎樣論述復活的身體。此處保羅將死去的「血肉的身體」（σῶμα ψυχικόν）與復活的「靈性的身體」（σῶμα πνευματικόν）作對比，最終震撼地宣言：復活的基督已成為「賜生命的普紐瑪」（和合本：「叫人活的靈」）。傳統的解讀將「靈性的身體」理解為滿有榮耀、永不朽壞的身體，是由聖靈引導的，而基督或是擁有聖靈，或是與聖靈同行。然而，恩貝格—佩德森提出新的見解，將這兩節經文連繫於保羅在上文十五章40至41節有關日月等天體的論述。他認為對保羅而言，「靈性的身體」實際上是由「普紐瑪物質」（pneuma-stuff）構成的軀體，這好像斯多亞學派對星辰的理解，他們認為星辰就是由這種精純、神聖的物質組成。因此，基督作為「末後的亞當」，不僅是領受了聖靈，祂復活的存在形態就是普紐瑪。祂成為那賦予生命的物質之源，而這物質終必重構信徒的形體。按此詮釋，復活不單是恢復生命，更是轉化肉身成為全然嶄新、屬普紐瑪體系的存有形態。

　　第二個例子是羅馬書五章5節，保羅寫道：「因為所賜給我們的聖靈（pneuma）將神的愛澆灌在我們心裏。」（和合本）傳統的解讀將這句話看成一個美麗的隱喻，描述聖靈賦予我們內在情感的確據，表明我們領受了神的愛。然而，按物質觀解讀，則可看出更為直接的含義。根據古代醫學理論「普紐瑪論」（Pneumatism，或譯作「氣論」），普紐瑪是一種透過呼吸進入人體的外界物質，經心臟處理後，由動脈輸送到身體各處，調控人的思想和行動。當保羅說普紐瑪被「澆灌在我們心裏」，描述的也許是真實的生理過程：神聖普紐瑪實質地注入信徒的心臟中樞，物理性地改變其體質，使他們能按照神的愛行事。根據這個觀點，這個改變同時涉及認知和身體，是整個人內外徹底的轉化。

反對意見：兩大批判

　　儘管這觀點日益受到重視，但其物質觀論述卻遭到其他頂尖學者批評。巴克禮（John Barclay）及利維森（John Levison）精準地指出了恩貝格—佩德森的觀點中的張力。

　　巴克禮指出，恩貝格—佩德森的理論雖然在哲學層面十分精確嚴密，卻忽略了保羅神學的核心：基督事件所帶來的徹底、顛覆性的嶄新。對保羅而言，普紐瑪並非先存的宇宙性物質，僅是從天上傳送到地上；它乃基督的復活所釋放出來的終末實體，是前所未有的「新創造」（林後五17）。對於哥林多前書第十五章，巴克禮駁斥那明確指稱日、月、星辰等「天體」為「靈性的 / 由普紐瑪組成的」之說法。他主張保羅的重點，是強調神的能力，能賦予萬物各有其形體，而非勾勒斯多亞學派的自然階梯（scala naturae，即存有的層級體系）。第45節所說的「賜生命的普紐瑪」是指復活的大能，而非更高層次的宇宙性物質。巴克禮警告說，若將其簡化為斯多亞物理學，則無異於將復活貶低為「對既有宇宙元素的重新組合」。

　　然而，不將「靈性與物質」二元對立的現代概念加諸保羅身上，這點卻是重要的。因此，翻譯πνεῦμα時，採用音譯（「普紐瑪」）正好可以是一種手段，讓我們暫時擱下自己的神學預設，從而聆聽保羅話語的本意。運用這個手段，我們就可以看見保羅是使用了當時最能表達轉化力量的用語――一種神聖、轉化生命的物質――來描述在基督裏的新生命。我們無須因而斷言保羅是斯多亞學派信徒，或將普紐瑪視為「僅僅」醫學上的「氣」。這只是表明：保羅運用了這套概念體系來闡述那難以言喻的「嶄新性」，那就是巴克禮想要維護的。這「嶄新」在於神在基督裏成就的救贖行動；但其描述方式，卻用了第一世紀當代的物質觀念。

　　利維森則贊同普紐瑪具有實質性的維度，但批評恩貝格—佩德森運用斯多亞主義的手法有選擇性，有時甚至顯得牽強，而且忽視保羅的猶太傳統觀念有更豐富的對應元素。他特別提出兩項疑慮：首先，恩貝格—佩德森援引的斯多亞範例，例如宇宙大火（ἔκπυρωσις）或西塞羅（Cicero）對占卜的隨筆論述，並不能有力地解釋普紐瑪在信徒身上持續的轉化工作。而且事實上，按照斯多亞學派對啟示的描述，例如記述德爾斐城（Delphi）的神諭時，是將普紐瑪描繪為地表的蒸氣或微風，而非宣講時在話語中流動的物質。其次，更關鍵的是，恩貝格—佩德森很少觸及猶太經典，而其中所描寫的普紐瑪是既具實體，又可感知。他列舉例子：那降臨在眾長老身上、使他們能管治百姓的「靈」（民十一25），在但以理裏頭那使人有智慧的「卓越的靈」（但五12，和合本作「美好的靈性」），以及那催迫以利戶吐露智慧之言的「靈」（伯三十二18-20）。死海古卷也描繪一個被靈轉化並授予知識的群體。對利維森而言，與抽象的斯多亞物理學相比，這些猶太思想體系才更可能、更直接地是保羅思想的主要背景。

　　暫且撇開利維森那錯將猶太教與希臘羅馬世界割裂的二分法（參亨格爾著《猶太教與希臘化》〔Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism〕，該著作的觀點已成為學術界共識，即人無法將猶太教與其周遭文化分割），我們仍可顧及利維森的疑慮，同時又保留物質觀的洞見。在整個希臘化世界（包括猶太地區），醫學畢竟是一種共通的文化語言。像保羅這樣的希臘化猶太人，能輕易將猶太觀念的ruach（和合本譯作「靈」，指神滿有能力、賦予生命的氣），與當代醫學界視普紐瑪（pneuma，或譯「氣」）為賦予活力、具形體的物質這種理解，融合起來。因此，若採納「醫學上」的普紐瑪這個觀點，就不是選擇「希臘文化」而捨棄「猶太文化」，而是指出有一種流通的共同知識，人可藉此用物理的觀念來理解猶太神學的概念。這可以回應利維森的批評，給予一個令人滿意的解答：保羅筆下普紐瑪的物質性，不一定只是源自斯多亞哲學，也可能源於猶太神學與古代地中海世界廣泛流行的生物醫學概念兩者的融合――這與斐羅（Philo）在其著作的做法別無二致。

綜論：關鍵何在？

　　在此我們必須承認，「普紐瑪」一詞確實可能含有斯多亞主義的意涵。恩貝格—佩德森正確指出，對於第一世紀保羅的聽眾而言，這詞使人想起一種實體的、宇宙性的、能賦予生命的物質。但我們也必須注意恩貝格—佩德森論點的局限：保羅書信中的普紐瑪，絕非僅是斯多亞派所說的宇宙性物質。有些經文明確描述普紐瑪有具位格的行為：普紐瑪「用說不出來的歎息替我們禱告」（羅八26）；「隨己意分給各人」（林前十二11）；會「擔憂」（弗四30）。這些絕非純粹實體的「物質」所能做到；這暗示普紐瑪是一個具備情感、意志、能與他者建立關係的位格（person）。將普紐瑪約化為純粹斯多亞主義的物質，便忽略了保羅神學中這至關重要的位格層面。

　　因此，對於恩貝格—佩德森的論點，我們需要修正，而非全盤接受。他正確地提醒我們須注意普紐瑪的物質層面，但其詮釋方式過度強調其與斯多亞主義的延續性，沒有充分考慮保羅描述的普紐瑪具有位格特質，以及基督事件所帶來的徹底嶄新。對細心的讀者而言，獲取最透徹理解的途徑，或許正在於持守這種張力：既知道普紐瑪在古代語境中有物質的含意，同時承認其在保羅書信中具位格的角色。

認真對待這場辯論

　　在此必須澄清：要從這場討論中獲益，我們無須完全接受恩貝格—佩德森的論點，亦不必斷言保羅是斯多亞學派信徒（事實上，恩貝格—佩德森從未如此要求）。身為基督徒的我們，若重視神的話語（在這例子，即保羅實際說的話）就必須保持開放的態度，承認我們對普紐瑪的理解可能存在不足，需要修正或深化。恩貝格—佩德森的論點或許並非全然正確，但他提出了一個值得嚴肅思考的問題：現代文化的預設，是否導致我們忽略了保羅原本想要傳達的某些面向？

　　翻譯πνεῦμα時，採用音譯，正好可以是一種手段，幫助我們認真對待這個問題。這沒有強迫我們接受任何特定的結論，卻創造出一個空間，讓我們可停下來問：「保羅在此使用『普紐瑪』一詞，究竟是指甚麼？」這種好發問的態度，就是力求更忠於聖經的表現，承認神的啟示或比我們所理解的更為豐富深邃，並容許聖經文本挑戰我們，而非單單用來印證我們自以為已知的觀念。

　　值得注意的是，翻譯保羅書信中的πνεῦμα時，採用音譯，尤其具說服力。因為我們能相當具體地指出誰是保羅的聽眾（第一世紀希臘羅馬世界的猶太人及外邦人社群），以及他所處的歷史背景（斯多亞主義和醫學理論盛行的時期）。在這特定的歷史背景下，保羅的聽眾對「普紐瑪」的理解，遠比現代讀者更貼近這個詞的豐富文化內涵。因此，至少對於保羅書信，翻譯時採用音譯（「普紐瑪」）而不意譯作「靈」，更能幫助我們避免時代錯置，以及更忠實地領會保羅想要傳達的意思。

总结

　　說到底，翻譯πνεῦμα時，採用音譯，並非是懶惰，亦非迴避譯者的職責；這反而是更深地忠於原文的表現。這激勵我們持續探索，讓保羅親自向我們闡明普紐瑪的真義。在這段探索過程中，我們不僅更深認識保羅，也更深認識那位透過他向人說話的神。

（翻譯：陳秀媚）

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

蓝志扬

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超越「預設」的上帝

　　馬大、馬利亞需要甚麼？

　　約翰福音第十一章記載了拉撒路復活的神蹟。經文記載耶穌和門徒來到伯大尼時，拉撒路已經安葬四日，親友從各地趕來慰問。馬大聽見耶穌到來，就急忙出村迎接；當馬利亞見到耶穌，就俯伏在祂腳前，哭著說：「主啊，你若早在這裏，我兄弟必不死。」這句話與馬大先前所說的如出一轍，表達了對耶穌「遲來」的遺憾。

　　馬大和馬利亞深信耶穌能醫治重病，但她們的認知卻停留在「有限復活」的層面，未曾想過耶穌能夠在末日之前，叫一位已死四日、甚至發臭的人復活。她們為耶穌設下時間限制，認為「早到」才有可能，「現在」已經太遲。這種想法某程度上限制了耶穌的能力。

　　馬大和馬利亞並非沒有聽聞過死人復活的事蹟。舊約裏，以利亞和以利沙都曾使死人復活；新約裏，耶穌也曾使睚魯的女兒和拿因城寡婦的兒子復活。作為耶穌的摯友，她們理應知道耶穌擁有超越死亡的大能。然而，當苦難臨到自己的家，她們就陷入負面思維，認為「遲來」等於「無可能、無法逆轉」。這種反應的確是世人真實的經驗。或許，我們在困境中也曾為上帝設限：「如果早一點……」、「如果當時……」，這些想法往往源於我們對上帝持有某種「預設」。

團契與培育韌性

　　拉撒路最終奇妙地復活了，但這神蹟畢竟是特例。在現實生活，一般人還是要面對親友離世後的漫長歲月，以及如何在哀傷中繼續生活。

　　「社會情緒選擇理論」指出，個人經歷了生命的重大事件（如疫情、災難），心態可能出現顯著轉變：他們開始將生活焦點轉向那些對情感有意義的行為，更多傾向與親密的親友互動。這種選擇性的社交模式，表面看似縮小了社交圈子，實則強化了情感支援的素質和深度。這觀點與信仰群體的經驗一致。有深度的團契生活，正是建立心理韌性的重要養分。當我們在教會不只是維持表面的寒暄關係，而是建立生命與生命的真實連結，這種支援系統就能夠在風暴中成為我們的避難所。

禱告與生命韌性

　　一項針對美國慢性病患者長達六年的追蹤研究，揭示了禱告與生存韌性的關聯。^* 在控制多項變數後，研究發現每日作私禱的病人，六年後的生存率顯著高於不常祈禱者。雖然其中確切的機制仍需深入研究，但研究人員推斷，禱告帶來的「希望感」是關鍵因素。當信徒在禱告中持續將難以掌控的事情（如病情）交託給上帝，這重複的肯定和交託，能夠帶來心靈的平安和釋放。從生理層面看，這有助減少壓力荷爾蒙的分泌，降低對健康的負面影響。這正提醒我們，禱告不僅是屬靈的操練，也是全人健康的根基。在禱告裏，我們承認自己的有限，並且同時經歷上帝的無限和同在。

眼動治療

　　除了團契和禱告，現代心理學也提出一些建立情緒韌性的實用方法，例如「眼動身心重建法」（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing，簡稱EMDR），中文簡稱「眼動治療」。若在二十年前談論眼動治療，或許會引起誤解，因為治療時，治療師的手指在患者眼前左右移動，看起來有些像民間宗教的施法。然而，這套療法的起源其實非常生活化：創始人夏皮羅（Francine Shapiro）在公園散步時，無意間發現當眼睛隨著景物左右規律運動後，自己的負面情緒竟明顯減少了。隨後，她展開多年的臨床測試，而這套治療方法也逐漸獲得醫學界肯定。這給我們一個實用的啟發：當你發現自己陷入負面情緒，甚至像馬大和馬利亞那樣被哀傷籠罩，就不妨效法夏皮羅，到公園散散步，讓眼睛自然地左右轉動，看看兩旁的風景。這簡單的動作對舒緩情緒應該有所幫助。（當然，若發現情緒問題越來越嚴重，就務必尋求專業的醫療或心理輔導。）

　　「韌性」一詞近年備受關注，在中國內地譽為2025年的關鍵詞。這反映不少人正身處不確定的外在環境，內心焦慮不安，甚至影響個人生活及群體協作。我們心底裏渴望自己不受制於環境，能夠繼續向前邁進。回顧拉撒路的故事，馬大和馬利亞見證了超越她們想像的神蹟。願我們在團契生活和個人禱告的操練中，能夠建立身心靈的韌性。

____________________________________________

^* Gail Ironson and Salman Shaheen Ahmad, “Frequency of Private Prayer Predicts Survival Over 6 Years in a Nationwide U.S. Sample of Individuals with a Chronic Illness,” Journal of Religion and Health 63.4 (August 2024): 2910-2923〔網上文章〕；取自Springer Nature Link網頁（https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01870-z）；瀏覽於2026年3月1日。

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

璩理

基督教思想助理教授

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三類苦罪

　　每當世界發生重大災難，信仰群體中就常常有人再次提出神正論（Theodicy，或作：神義論）來反復討論。由於受災情影響，這類討論往往夾雜著強烈的情緒，難以保持平靜和理性。當今時代，信息流通異常迅速，只要稍有不慎，信徒的一些表述就可能觸發受災群體及公眾的敏感情緒。所以我們反思、討論這些問題時，先要禱告，求神賜給我們同情的心、智慧的腦、謹慎的口。

　　在神的創造秩序中，可以識別出三類主要的苦罪：（1）道德罪惡：人類濫用自由意志而犯下的罪行，如屠殺、偷竊、背叛等；（2）自然災難：人類即使採取了最好的預防措施，也無法避免的災禍，如地震、火災、車禍等；（3）生命苦痛：無論是源於人為還是自然因素，不幸總會降臨在一些人身上，如喪親之痛、身體殘疾、情緒抑鬱等。這三類苦罪當然不是截然分開，而是彼此重疊，互相交織。

信仰挑戰

　　這些苦罪真實存在，往往觸動我們信仰的根基。信徒和非信徒都有可能從這三個角度挑戰基督教信仰：（1）邏輯問題：陳述一「神是全能和全善的」與陳述二「苦罪存在」，在邏輯上不相容；（2）實證問題：苦罪的存在就是否定神存在的證據──要麼神不存在，要麼神不是全能或全善；（3）實存問題：撇下純理性的爭論，我們事實上被各種苦難纏繞，叫人嘆息：「這沒意義啊！」、「這不應該發生啊！至少不應該發生在我身上！」

　　對於來自邏輯和實證方面的挑戰，萊布尼茲（G. W. Leibniz）的主張是，我們的現實世界，儘管有苦難存在，仍然是「可能的世界中最美好的一個」。神作為全知、全能且全善的存有，創造這個世界是出於最好的意圖。這個世界中存在邪惡和苦難，也是為了實現更大的善或更長遠的目的。黑格爾（G. W. F. Hegel）也有類似的觀點，認為苦難是實現更高之善的必要條件。萊布尼茲和黑格爾的回應，是採取一種超然、遠離現實災難、純理性的進路。這樣的回應在理性上也許能夠成立，但是對於現實處境中正在受苦的人群來說，將其所有苦難「合理化」，卻可能同時是將具體的苦難抽象化，甚至是「虛無化」。仍受災情困擾的人恐怕要反問：難道我現在的困難，就是神要達至最大美善的「必要代價」或「必要手段」？我只是神必勝的大棋局中一枚可以棄掉的棋子嗎？

苦難就是苦難

　　「天道遠，人道邇」。如果對邏輯和實證據方面的回應顯得太遙遠（它們並非不重要，只是不一定切合受苦者的具體處境），那麼我們不妨從第三個角度著手，即從現實的生存處境來正視實實在在的苦難。從受苦者的視角出發，首先就不能如前兩個角度那樣將苦難問題抽象化，即從苦難的籠統概念出發，在理論思維層面論證其必然性；而是要正視、認真看待真實的苦難，就苦難本身來對待苦難。其次，就是不要為每一個真實的苦難勉強找一個看似「屬靈正確」的合理解釋：「這是神要你放下一切，單單仰望祂」、「在傷痛中，你會更真實地經歷神的恩典和眷顧」。有些苦難可能就是無意義的、全然負面的。我們不知它為何發生，為何發生在某人身上。如果一定要強作解人，為每個具體的苦難找出合理的解釋，就很容易犯上約伯三友那樣的錯誤。我們可以與哀哭的人同哀哭，也可以和傷痛的人分享約伯記，或作家杏林子（劉俠）、佈道家兼激勵演說家力克‧胡哲（Nick Vujicic）的生命故事。這或可幫助他們，安慰他們。當然，這也可能不行，因為別人的苦難故事和自己親歷的苦難，兩者始終還有很大的距離。

承受與盼望

　　馬丁路德晚年失去心愛的十三歲女兒，他說：「這感覺很奇怪，我知道她在天父那裏，一切都很好，卻又忍不住悲傷。」他還引用馬太福音二十六章41節，感嘆自己「心靈固然願意，肉體卻軟弱了」。因為我們肉身軟弱，在苦難中可能會質疑神，對神惱怒，禱告時說不出感謝讚美的言語，這也是人之常情──我們本來都是如此軟弱的。但是另一方面，我們也應該看到：這些將殘的燈火，壓傷的蘆葦，只要還沒有熄滅，沒有折斷，生活就還要繼續下去，信心就還要重拾；就算有些燈火真的熄滅了，有些蘆葦真的折斷了，那也不是最終的結局──在道路的盡頭，有曾經從死裏復活的主，在那裏等待我們回到永恆的天家。

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

吴国杰

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災難中的初期教會

　　基督宗教從開始即面對大大小小不同的壓迫和災難。自從羅馬皇帝尼祿（Nero，公元37-68年）縱火焚城並嫁禍給基督徒以後，教會便成為羅馬帝國打壓的非法組織。僅是堅持相信基督，就足可判以死罪。第二世紀初，巡撫小皮里紐（Pliny the Younger，公元61-113年）致信皇帝他雅努（Trajan，公元53-117年），請示如何處置基督徒，說：「在我面前有人被告發是基督徒，我就採取這些行動：我先問他們是不是基督徒；若他們承認，我就再問兩三次，並以刑罰來威嚇他們；若他們仍然堅持，我就下令將他們處決。」¹ 他雅努回覆，指皮里紐「已採取正確的路向」，但提醒他：「人若否認自己是基督徒，務必嚴加驗證，確定他們是敬拜我們的諸神」。²

　　君士坦丁大帝（Constantine the Great，公元 272-337年）於公元313年頒佈《米蘭諭旨》（Edictum Mediolanense）之前的二百多年裏，基督徒遭受無數殘酷的迫害。有的被集體釘死在十字架上，有的當作火把焚燒，有的在鬥獸場給獅子咬死，有孩童被披上獸皮給狂犬撕咬。皇帝奧熱流（Marcus Aurelius，公元121-180年）煽動暴民攻擊教會；在他執政期間，基督徒「承受狂燥暴徒慣常對待其仇敵和對手的那各種羞辱」。³ 皇帝德修（Decius，公元201-252年）要求全國人民皆要向羅馬的神祇「獻祭、奠酒，並要品嘗祭肉」，以此證明自己，違者要遭受酷刑。⁴ 皇帝戴克里先（Diocletian，公元245-311年）更下令「鏟平教會，焚燒聖經」。面對無懼死亡的基督徒，他「監禁各地的教會領袖，然後用盡一切方法強迫他們獻祭」，意圖藉此摧毀信徒群體的信心。⁵

早期教父的提醒

　　從現存的早期教父著作可見，遭受長時間殘酷迫害、陷在苦難中的初期教會並沒有生出苦毒怨恨或灰心喪志；相反，信徒常從屬靈角度積極面對，信靠基督，盼望將來的榮耀。這些教父對災禍苦難的言訓教導，可以歸納成以下三方面的提醒：

1. 上主在災難中同在，給受苦的聖徒帶來安慰：就如羅馬長老希坡律陀（Hippolytus，約公元170-235年）所說，逼迫災難乃源自敵基督對聖徒的攻擊，然而信徒可仰望「上主從天上顯現」。⁶ 這種顯現可以讓聖徒化危為機――或得著能力忍受痛苦，或殉道後得見主面。
2. 死亡不是生命的終結，而是暫且安息的美好時刻：特土良（Tertullian，約公元155-220年）解釋馬太福音六章6節時，指「內室」預表墳墓，那些在敵基督終極猛烈攻擊下離世的人，可以在其中安息片時。⁷ 因此，聖徒無須懼怕苦難和死亡；離世與主同在反而值得嚮往。
3. 在災難中堅忍到底的聖徒，可以得著榮耀的冠冕：愛任紐（Irenaeus，約公元125-202年）解釋馬太福音二十四章21節所描述的大災難時，明言「這是義人最後的試驗，得勝的可得不朽的冠冕」。⁸ 故此，聖徒應當懼怕的不是災難，而是在信仰上因逼迫而軟弱跌倒，從此失去屬天的福分。

　　按照以上理解，聖徒可存喜樂的心積極面對各種逼迫災難，就如使徒教父著作《黑馬牧人書》（Pastor Hermae）所說：「那些在將要來臨的大災難中堅忍的人應當歡喜快樂」。⁹ 他們重視將來天上永恆的屬靈生命，遠多於地上短暫的肉身生命；這原則正是他們從主耶穌基督受苦受死的榜樣中學習得來的。

　　今日世上也有許多苦難，有的是人明顯因信仰而遭受的，這時教父的教導能給信徒適切的鼓勵，但也有的是不易分辨其因由。國際間，戰爭導致災民死傷無數，流離失所；地區內，人禍致使親人生死相隔，家園盡毀。這些痛苦都是實在的，令人哀嘆。無論如何，早期教父的教導也提醒信徒：切勿將眼目僅放在短暫的今世，當以屬靈的眼光注視永恆的將來；相信災難只是短暫的試煉，基督是我們隨時的幫助。肉身受苦甚至受死並不可怕，只要在災難中堅忍到底，就能得著屬天榮耀的獎賞。

____________________________________________

¹ Pliny the Younger, Epistulae 10.96.
² Pliny the Younger, Epistulae 10.97.
³ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 5.1.
⁴ George Milligan, Greek Papyri (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912), no. 48.
⁵ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2.
⁶ Hippolytus, Commentariorum in Danielem 2.7.
⁷ Tertullian, De Carne Christi 4.27.
⁸ Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses 5.29.1.
⁹ Pastor Hermae, vision 2.2.

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

梁俊豪

新约副教授

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對受苦者的兩種反應

　　看到別人受苦，我們通常有兩種反應：第一，與大多數人一樣，我們心生同情，為別人的不幸感到難過，因而關心他們的福祉；第二，部分人能夠理解受苦者的觀點，並且體會他們的感受，產生共鳴。當媒體廣泛報導災難情況，我們自然對受害者產生第一種反應，這份同情推動我們關心、慰問或施予援助（例如捐款）給受苦者，期望減輕他們的苦楚。然而，我們所做的，是否真正能夠幫助他們？這是十分值得探討的問題。過度慰問可能帶給受苦者壓力；重複談論災難，也可能對他們造成二次傷害。在這種出於同情的行動，我們時常擔演施予者的角色，站在安全界線之後，向受助者伸出援手，但彼此的觀點和立場卻可能並不相同。當媒體減少報導，我們對受苦者的訴求和處境逐漸缺乏了解，對他們的關注和同情也就逐漸減退，甚至可能以自己的標準去判斷他們的感受。

　　第二種反應對我們來說比較陌生，需要我們設身處地，採納受苦者的觀點，對他們的苦況感同身受。放下自我觀點，深度代入受苦者的角度和情感世界，最能肯定他們的感受，並展現我們最真摰的人性和團結。但要達到這種程度的共鳴，對大部分人來說，甚至對接受過專業訓練的輔導人員來說，都是相當耗費精力。若果期間忽視了彼此之間的界線，還有可能使自己陷入抑鬱狀態或出現心理創傷。

「記得」與「感同身受」

　　然而，新約聖經希伯來書的作者卻呼籲信徒要以近似第二種反應的態度，對待那些因信仰的緣故遭受迫害的人：「也要記得那些受虐待的人，感同身受」（十三3，環球聖經譯本，下同）。「要記得」是承接上半節的吩咐：「你們要記得那些坐牢的人」，不只是意識上記憶起，也不只是言語上表達關注，而是用實際行動，持續不斷地（這吩咐是現在時態的）幫助他們。同樣，「感同身受」與上半節「好像跟他們一起坐牢一樣」平行，其原文是ὡς καὶ αὐτοὶ ὄντες ἐν σώματι，和合本修訂版和新漢語譯本譯作「好像你們也親身受到虐待一樣」。原文的ἐν σώματι（「在身體上」）表達徹底認同受苦者，其基礎是我們同有脆弱的身體和人性，彼此有特殊的結連。

　　這種人性的結連，在基督的救贖工作中顯露無遺。希伯來書二章11節指出神之子作為大祭司，與那稱為弟兄的子民「同是出於一個源頭」。子民既然「同有血肉之體」，擁有脆弱的人性，基督也分享這人性，「照樣成為血肉之體」（二14），「在各方面與他的弟兄們相同」（二17），包括「經過試探，受了苦」（二18），「幫助那些正在受試探的人」，以達成大祭司為人民贖罪之職。

　　希伯來書作者更形容大祭司能夠「同情我們的種種軟弱」（四15）。「同情」（συνπαθῆσαι，或譯「體恤」）不只是心理上的感受，更是分享軟弱人性的經驗，親身「在各方面都受過試探，像我們一樣」。基督作為大祭司，不是高高在上地可憐、同情我們因人性軟弱、落入試探而不能自救的苦況，而是選擇「在各方面」與我們「相同」（二17），即使要經歷與我們一樣的脆弱。這就是完全參與我們的人性軟弱，與我們結連。

　　我們能否「記得」受苦者，感同身受，在於我們有沒有學像基督，放下自己的身分、觀點或自以為與別不同之處，承認、體現並接受自己與受苦者有同樣脆弱的人性。人性的軟弱之一，是逃避苦楚，包括逃避自己的和別人的苦楚。然而，無視別人之苦，以種種理由劃清界線，割斷彼此間的結連，這無疑等於認為自己的人性比別人的更高貴、更神性、更有特權受到保護。要感同身受，與受苦者結連，就要像基督與我們結連一樣。這樣我們的同行和幫助才有意義。

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

黄福光

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為何災禍臨到？

　　當不幸的事情發生，不少人會問「為甚麼？」。其實許多時候，導致事情發生的直接成因，是我們知道的。根據世界衛生組織的數據，截至2026年1月25日，合共7,110,188人死於新冠肺炎（COVID-19）。¹ 距離我們更近的大埔宏福苑火災，官方死亡人數達168人。這兩場災難都對香港巿民造成深遠的影響，但其起因並非我們不知曉。新冠疫情是由新型冠狀病毒SARS-CoV-2引起，而大埔火災已查明多項肇因，當中沒有一項是神祕莫測或無法理解的。

　　那麼，為何我們即使知道災難的直接成因，仍要追問為甚麼呢？想必是因為我們不單想知道災禍的起因，更渴望明白其深層意義。換言之，我們想知道為甚麼神容許――甚或促使――災禍發生。在聖經裏，神透過天使、先知、異象或夢境傳達祂的旨意，也向人顯現，親自傳遞祂的話語，一點也不含糊。然而，這些事件非人所能掌控――在聖經裏如此，今天更是如此。因此，對於現今的災難，我們不能寄望從這些途徑獲得解釋。

　　不過，我們現有的聖經，是既易取得且具權威的資料來源，對災禍為何發生提供許多解釋。原因包括邪靈的攻擊（例如：約伯記）、人類的罪性（例如：士十九～二十一）、相關人士的愚昧決定（箴十14，十四16），以及神的審判（申二十八15-68）。傳道書九章12節指出，危及生命的災禍（原文作「惡時」）可以在毫無預警之下忽然臨到任何人；也就是說，在這墮落的世界，災難是常態，無需多加解釋。從較正面的角度看，神容許某些災禍發生，可能是藉此教導或訓練我們學義（申八1-3；彼前一6-7），或這是我們蒙召為神國所受的苦（太五10-12）。這些全都是合理的答案，但問題是我們未必能夠辨明，對於某個處境，哪個才是正確的解答。即使我們以為明白，也可能弄錯了。約伯的朋友便是如此，以為自己知道答案，誰知是看錯了。

探尋災難的意義

　　我認為探尋災難的意義時，該先調查直接的肇因，因為這也許就是意義所在。舉例說，若有人犯罪、犯法或做了愚昧的事，招致災禍（甚至禍及他人），他就應該為自己的罪惡、過犯或愚昧而悔改，不用尋求更深層的意義。此舉對於防止災難重演，十分重要。但假如直接肇因並不明確，強作解釋則會適得其反，無助於阻止災難重演。況且，將過失歸咎於無辜者，亦有欠公允。

　　至此，我們須再談談約伯的朋友。他們的神學觀點沒有出錯――神獎賞遵行祂話語的人，懲罰違背者，這觀念可見於聖經（例如：申二十八；士三7-8）。但他們的錯誤是把這個神學觀點套用在約伯身上。應用錯誤比詮釋錯誤更難糾正，因為這是個主觀判斷。儘管聖經為災禍和苦難提供許多解釋，但要判斷對於某個處境，哪個解釋（如有）方為正確，並非易事。正如伽達默爾（Hans-Georg Gadamer）引述康德（Immanuel Kant）說：「沒有任何規則規範我們合理地運用規則。」² 我們沒有另一本聖經教我們如何運用聖經。這提醒我們：即使詮釋正確，在應用時仍可能出錯。正因如此，研讀聖經不僅關乎歷史資訊、文法分析和神學知識，還需要聖靈引導和辨識能力，才能將真理正確地應用於生活。

另一種應對方式

　　面對災難，路得記中的路得和波阿斯，採用了另一種應對方式。有別於約伯的朋友，路得沒有試圖解釋拿俄米為何失去丈夫和兩個兒子，而是選擇陪伴她返回伯利恆，悉心照顧她。同樣，波阿斯也沒有嘗試解釋悲劇為何發生在拿俄米和路得身上，而是協助她們獲取糧食，後來更成為她們的「親屬贖者」（kinsman redeemer）。我們無法解釋災禍，並不表示我們就無能為力。相反，我們仍可以做很多實事去幫助受災者。

　　那麼，我們應該探求災難的深層意義嗎？我想對大部分人而言，這意思是從中可以汲取甚麼屬靈教訓。這涉及主觀的領受。即使我們不是親身經歷災難，也可以從中領悟屬靈的功課；若親歷其中，就更不用說了。不過，如果是指另一層面，意思是我們能否在災難中辨識神的旨意，那就應當謹慎了。舉例說，是否因為這世代邪惡，所以神藉新冠病毒來懲罰世界？抑或這是基督再來之前的陣痛預兆（可十三8）？兩者皆有可能，但我們無法肯定。因此，我們不應把這些解釋當作真理去教導人。與其提出無法確定的解釋，不如切實遵行申命記二十九章29節的教訓：「隱祕的事是屬耶和華──我們神的，惟有明顯的事是永遠屬我們和我們子孫的，好叫我們遵行這律法上的一切話。」同樣，神容許或促使災禍發生，當中的旨意也許隱而不顯；但祂吩咐我們幫助有需要的人，這旨意已清楚顯明了。

____________________________________________

¹ “Number of COVID-19 deaths reported to WHO”〔網上資料〕；取自世界衛生組織（World Health Organization）網頁（https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/deaths）；瀏覽於2026年2月13日。
² Hans-Georg Gadamer, Reason in the Age of Science, trans. Grederick G. Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), 121.

（翻譯：陳秀媚）

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

時代紛亂，災難頻仍，基督徒該如何面對？聖經或神學對我們有甚麼提醒或安慰？我們邀請了多位老師從不同的角度探討這些問題。

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

时间是神创造的吗？——再思奥古斯丁论时间的起源

时间在自然科学和宗教思想里都是一个极其重要的议题。「时间」不仅吸引科学家和宗教思想家的关注，也决定了我们普通人看待万物的方式。

在《忏悔录》中，奥古斯丁将时间内置于神的创造秩序，其思想成为后世探讨物理时间和心理时间的重要思想资源。

本讲座将当代理论物理及心理学的时间理论追溯到奥古斯丁的时间起源论，尝试实现一种新的神学文本诠释上的「视域融合」。

报名请按此

报名请按此

Please refer to the Chinese page.

Please refer to the Chinese page.

费用全免，无须报名

Please refer to the Chinese page.

报名请按此

报名请按此

林天佑

新约助理教授

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再思保羅筆下的普紐瑪

　　使徒保羅寫希臘文πνεῦμα（音譯：普紐瑪 / pneuma）一詞時，心中所指的是甚麼？對大多數現代讀者而言，答案似乎非常簡單：人的靈或聖靈，後者即三一神的第三位格，一位賜人安慰、使人信服、滿有能力的神聖施動者。我們很自然就想起這個神學解讀，恍如理所當然的答案；讀者和譯者都幾乎本能地如此理解。但近年有人卻質疑該否把πνεῦμα譯作「靈」。本文旨在探討這些異議，並探索以其他方式翻譯πνεῦμα一詞的可能性。

　　現代學術界對這個問題的研究歷來展現出神學進路與歷史進路之間的張力。二十世紀初，袞克爾（Hermann Gunkel）提出二分法，將保羅書信中的普紐瑪從其舊約及希臘化猶太教的根源割裂出來，放進「超自然」與自然二元對立的框架。此舉影響深遠，因這框架後來由布特曼（Rudolf Bultmann）和蓋士曼（Ernst Käsemann）等巨擘進一步發展。他們深具路德宗特色的解讀，鞏固了一種「靈意」詮釋法，強調內在主觀的宗教體驗。在這個學術流派裏，靈就等同於信仰的內在生命，這卻往往忽略了其宇宙層面和形體層面。

　　二十世紀末出現了重要的修正，有學者堅持採用較有歷史根據的「物理主義」（“physicalist”）解讀方式。戴爾‧馬丁（Dale Martin）的著作《哥林多身體論》（The Corinthian Body, 1995）具有開創性意義，闡明保羅的聽眾是如何從整體性的古代宇宙觀去理解身體和靈；在這宇宙觀裏，物質與靈相互交織。其後，恩貝格—佩德森（Troels Engberg-Pedersen）在《使徒保羅的宇宙論與自我》（Cosmology and Self in the Apostle Paul, 2010）一書主張，該從斯多亞主義（Stoic）的視角解讀保羅書信中的「普紐瑪」，那是宇宙中具智慧之「氣」，是構成並聯合萬物的。這些研究標誌著重大的轉向，學者開始認真對待保羅所展現的物質觀。這意味著擱下「後笛卡兒」（post-Cartesian）的觀念：視「靈」為非物質的個人感受；並且重拾古時的實體理解：視普紐瑪為實體物質。對這些學者而言，要重拾這個解讀，最關鍵的鑰匙就是斯多亞哲學，因為那是保羅身處的希臘羅馬世界的主導思想體系。

普紐瑪――斯多亞學派所說的物質？

　　對斯多亞學派而言，普紐瑪並非靈魂或非物質存有，而是宇宙性的生命力，是氣與火的混合體，具智慧的，滲透萬物並構成整個宇宙。它是繩索的張力、植物的生長、人類的理性思維、星辰的構成物質。這普紐瑪既神聖又理性，且完全是物質的。它構成存有的層級體系（hierarchy of being），從沉重堅實的岩石到虛無飄渺的神明，物質與神性之間並沒有不可逾越的鴻溝。

　　恩貝格—佩德森主張，保羅的聽眾――無論是猶太人或外邦人――都沉浸於這種思想氛圍。當保羅談論普紐瑪，他們就聯想起這宇宙性、賦予生命力的物質。因此，將普紐瑪慣性地譯做無形無體的「聖靈」，實屬時代錯置，把心靈與身體二元對立的現代觀念引入經文；這對保羅來說，是陌生的想法。要正確解讀保羅的觀點，恩貝格—佩德森認為我們必須按字面意思去理解他這個有關物質的用語：普紐瑪是一種東西，可傾流，可飲用，可灌注；它是有形有體的實在，能由內而外轉化信徒。

　　從斯多亞物質觀的視角去看普紐瑪，將徹底重塑我們如何解讀那些熟悉的經文。先看哥林多前書十五章44至45節保羅怎樣論述復活的身體。此處保羅將死去的「血肉的身體」（σῶμα ψυχικόν）與復活的「靈性的身體」（σῶμα πνευματικόν）作對比，最終震撼地宣言：復活的基督已成為「賜生命的普紐瑪」（和合本：「叫人活的靈」）。傳統的解讀將「靈性的身體」理解為滿有榮耀、永不朽壞的身體，是由聖靈引導的，而基督或是擁有聖靈，或是與聖靈同行。然而，恩貝格—佩德森提出新的見解，將這兩節經文連繫於保羅在上文十五章40至41節有關日月等天體的論述。他認為對保羅而言，「靈性的身體」實際上是由「普紐瑪物質」（pneuma-stuff）構成的軀體，這好像斯多亞學派對星辰的理解，他們認為星辰就是由這種精純、神聖的物質組成。因此，基督作為「末後的亞當」，不僅是領受了聖靈，祂復活的存在形態就是普紐瑪。祂成為那賦予生命的物質之源，而這物質終必重構信徒的形體。按此詮釋，復活不單是恢復生命，更是轉化肉身成為全然嶄新、屬普紐瑪體系的存有形態。

　　第二個例子是羅馬書五章5節，保羅寫道：「因為所賜給我們的聖靈（pneuma）將神的愛澆灌在我們心裏。」（和合本）傳統的解讀將這句話看成一個美麗的隱喻，描述聖靈賦予我們內在情感的確據，表明我們領受了神的愛。然而，按物質觀解讀，則可看出更為直接的含義。根據古代醫學理論「普紐瑪論」（Pneumatism，或譯作「氣論」），普紐瑪是一種透過呼吸進入人體的外界物質，經心臟處理後，由動脈輸送到身體各處，調控人的思想和行動。當保羅說普紐瑪被「澆灌在我們心裏」，描述的也許是真實的生理過程：神聖普紐瑪實質地注入信徒的心臟中樞，物理性地改變其體質，使他們能按照神的愛行事。根據這個觀點，這個改變同時涉及認知和身體，是整個人內外徹底的轉化。

反對意見：兩大批判

　　儘管這觀點日益受到重視，但其物質觀論述卻遭到其他頂尖學者批評。巴克禮（John Barclay）及利維森（John Levison）精準地指出了恩貝格—佩德森的觀點中的張力。

　　巴克禮指出，恩貝格—佩德森的理論雖然在哲學層面十分精確嚴密，卻忽略了保羅神學的核心：基督事件所帶來的徹底、顛覆性的嶄新。對保羅而言，普紐瑪並非先存的宇宙性物質，僅是從天上傳送到地上；它乃基督的復活所釋放出來的終末實體，是前所未有的「新創造」（林後五17）。對於哥林多前書第十五章，巴克禮駁斥那明確指稱日、月、星辰等「天體」為「靈性的 / 由普紐瑪組成的」之說法。他主張保羅的重點，是強調神的能力，能賦予萬物各有其形體，而非勾勒斯多亞學派的自然階梯（scala naturae，即存有的層級體系）。第45節所說的「賜生命的普紐瑪」是指復活的大能，而非更高層次的宇宙性物質。巴克禮警告說，若將其簡化為斯多亞物理學，則無異於將復活貶低為「對既有宇宙元素的重新組合」。

　　然而，不將「靈性與物質」二元對立的現代概念加諸保羅身上，這點卻是重要的。因此，翻譯πνεῦμα時，採用音譯（「普紐瑪」）正好可以是一種手段，讓我們暫時擱下自己的神學預設，從而聆聽保羅話語的本意。運用這個手段，我們就可以看見保羅是使用了當時最能表達轉化力量的用語――一種神聖、轉化生命的物質――來描述在基督裏的新生命。我們無須因而斷言保羅是斯多亞學派信徒，或將普紐瑪視為「僅僅」醫學上的「氣」。這只是表明：保羅運用了這套概念體系來闡述那難以言喻的「嶄新性」，那就是巴克禮想要維護的。這「嶄新」在於神在基督裏成就的救贖行動；但其描述方式，卻用了第一世紀當代的物質觀念。

　　利維森則贊同普紐瑪具有實質性的維度，但批評恩貝格—佩德森運用斯多亞主義的手法有選擇性，有時甚至顯得牽強，而且忽視保羅的猶太傳統觀念有更豐富的對應元素。他特別提出兩項疑慮：首先，恩貝格—佩德森援引的斯多亞範例，例如宇宙大火（ἔκπυρωσις）或西塞羅（Cicero）對占卜的隨筆論述，並不能有力地解釋普紐瑪在信徒身上持續的轉化工作。而且事實上，按照斯多亞學派對啟示的描述，例如記述德爾斐城（Delphi）的神諭時，是將普紐瑪描繪為地表的蒸氣或微風，而非宣講時在話語中流動的物質。其次，更關鍵的是，恩貝格—佩德森很少觸及猶太經典，而其中所描寫的普紐瑪是既具實體，又可感知。他列舉例子：那降臨在眾長老身上、使他們能管治百姓的「靈」（民十一25），在但以理裏頭那使人有智慧的「卓越的靈」（但五12，和合本作「美好的靈性」），以及那催迫以利戶吐露智慧之言的「靈」（伯三十二18-20）。死海古卷也描繪一個被靈轉化並授予知識的群體。對利維森而言，與抽象的斯多亞物理學相比，這些猶太思想體系才更可能、更直接地是保羅思想的主要背景。

　　暫且撇開利維森那錯將猶太教與希臘羅馬世界割裂的二分法（參亨格爾著《猶太教與希臘化》〔Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism〕，該著作的觀點已成為學術界共識，即人無法將猶太教與其周遭文化分割），我們仍可顧及利維森的疑慮，同時又保留物質觀的洞見。在整個希臘化世界（包括猶太地區），醫學畢竟是一種共通的文化語言。像保羅這樣的希臘化猶太人，能輕易將猶太觀念的ruach（和合本譯作「靈」，指神滿有能力、賦予生命的氣），與當代醫學界視普紐瑪（pneuma，或譯「氣」）為賦予活力、具形體的物質這種理解，融合起來。因此，若採納「醫學上」的普紐瑪這個觀點，就不是選擇「希臘文化」而捨棄「猶太文化」，而是指出有一種流通的共同知識，人可藉此用物理的觀念來理解猶太神學的概念。這可以回應利維森的批評，給予一個令人滿意的解答：保羅筆下普紐瑪的物質性，不一定只是源自斯多亞哲學，也可能源於猶太神學與古代地中海世界廣泛流行的生物醫學概念兩者的融合――這與斐羅（Philo）在其著作的做法別無二致。

綜論：關鍵何在？

　　在此我們必須承認，「普紐瑪」一詞確實可能含有斯多亞主義的意涵。恩貝格—佩德森正確指出，對於第一世紀保羅的聽眾而言，這詞使人想起一種實體的、宇宙性的、能賦予生命的物質。但我們也必須注意恩貝格—佩德森論點的局限：保羅書信中的普紐瑪，絕非僅是斯多亞派所說的宇宙性物質。有些經文明確描述普紐瑪有具位格的行為：普紐瑪「用說不出來的歎息替我們禱告」（羅八26）；「隨己意分給各人」（林前十二11）；會「擔憂」（弗四30）。這些絕非純粹實體的「物質」所能做到；這暗示普紐瑪是一個具備情感、意志、能與他者建立關係的位格（person）。將普紐瑪約化為純粹斯多亞主義的物質，便忽略了保羅神學中這至關重要的位格層面。

　　因此，對於恩貝格—佩德森的論點，我們需要修正，而非全盤接受。他正確地提醒我們須注意普紐瑪的物質層面，但其詮釋方式過度強調其與斯多亞主義的延續性，沒有充分考慮保羅描述的普紐瑪具有位格特質，以及基督事件所帶來的徹底嶄新。對細心的讀者而言，獲取最透徹理解的途徑，或許正在於持守這種張力：既知道普紐瑪在古代語境中有物質的含意，同時承認其在保羅書信中具位格的角色。

認真對待這場辯論

　　在此必須澄清：要從這場討論中獲益，我們無須完全接受恩貝格—佩德森的論點，亦不必斷言保羅是斯多亞學派信徒（事實上，恩貝格—佩德森從未如此要求）。身為基督徒的我們，若重視神的話語（在這例子，即保羅實際說的話）就必須保持開放的態度，承認我們對普紐瑪的理解可能存在不足，需要修正或深化。恩貝格—佩德森的論點或許並非全然正確，但他提出了一個值得嚴肅思考的問題：現代文化的預設，是否導致我們忽略了保羅原本想要傳達的某些面向？

　　翻譯πνεῦμα時，採用音譯，正好可以是一種手段，幫助我們認真對待這個問題。這沒有強迫我們接受任何特定的結論，卻創造出一個空間，讓我們可停下來問：「保羅在此使用『普紐瑪』一詞，究竟是指甚麼？」這種好發問的態度，就是力求更忠於聖經的表現，承認神的啟示或比我們所理解的更為豐富深邃，並容許聖經文本挑戰我們，而非單單用來印證我們自以為已知的觀念。

　　值得注意的是，翻譯保羅書信中的πνεῦμα時，採用音譯，尤其具說服力。因為我們能相當具體地指出誰是保羅的聽眾（第一世紀希臘羅馬世界的猶太人及外邦人社群），以及他所處的歷史背景（斯多亞主義和醫學理論盛行的時期）。在這特定的歷史背景下，保羅的聽眾對「普紐瑪」的理解，遠比現代讀者更貼近這個詞的豐富文化內涵。因此，至少對於保羅書信，翻譯時採用音譯（「普紐瑪」）而不意譯作「靈」，更能幫助我們避免時代錯置，以及更忠實地領會保羅想要傳達的意思。

总结

　　說到底，翻譯πνεῦμα時，採用音譯，並非是懶惰，亦非迴避譯者的職責；這反而是更深地忠於原文的表現。這激勵我們持續探索，讓保羅親自向我們闡明普紐瑪的真義。在這段探索過程中，我們不僅更深認識保羅，也更深認識那位透過他向人說話的神。

（翻譯：陳秀媚）

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

蓝志扬

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超越「預設」的上帝

　　馬大、馬利亞需要甚麼？

　　約翰福音第十一章記載了拉撒路復活的神蹟。經文記載耶穌和門徒來到伯大尼時，拉撒路已經安葬四日，親友從各地趕來慰問。馬大聽見耶穌到來，就急忙出村迎接；當馬利亞見到耶穌，就俯伏在祂腳前，哭著說：「主啊，你若早在這裏，我兄弟必不死。」這句話與馬大先前所說的如出一轍，表達了對耶穌「遲來」的遺憾。

　　馬大和馬利亞深信耶穌能醫治重病，但她們的認知卻停留在「有限復活」的層面，未曾想過耶穌能夠在末日之前，叫一位已死四日、甚至發臭的人復活。她們為耶穌設下時間限制，認為「早到」才有可能，「現在」已經太遲。這種想法某程度上限制了耶穌的能力。

　　馬大和馬利亞並非沒有聽聞過死人復活的事蹟。舊約裏，以利亞和以利沙都曾使死人復活；新約裏，耶穌也曾使睚魯的女兒和拿因城寡婦的兒子復活。作為耶穌的摯友，她們理應知道耶穌擁有超越死亡的大能。然而，當苦難臨到自己的家，她們就陷入負面思維，認為「遲來」等於「無可能、無法逆轉」。這種反應的確是世人真實的經驗。或許，我們在困境中也曾為上帝設限：「如果早一點……」、「如果當時……」，這些想法往往源於我們對上帝持有某種「預設」。

團契與培育韌性

　　拉撒路最終奇妙地復活了，但這神蹟畢竟是特例。在現實生活，一般人還是要面對親友離世後的漫長歲月，以及如何在哀傷中繼續生活。

　　「社會情緒選擇理論」指出，個人經歷了生命的重大事件（如疫情、災難），心態可能出現顯著轉變：他們開始將生活焦點轉向那些對情感有意義的行為，更多傾向與親密的親友互動。這種選擇性的社交模式，表面看似縮小了社交圈子，實則強化了情感支援的素質和深度。這觀點與信仰群體的經驗一致。有深度的團契生活，正是建立心理韌性的重要養分。當我們在教會不只是維持表面的寒暄關係，而是建立生命與生命的真實連結，這種支援系統就能夠在風暴中成為我們的避難所。

禱告與生命韌性

　　一項針對美國慢性病患者長達六年的追蹤研究，揭示了禱告與生存韌性的關聯。^* 在控制多項變數後，研究發現每日作私禱的病人，六年後的生存率顯著高於不常祈禱者。雖然其中確切的機制仍需深入研究，但研究人員推斷，禱告帶來的「希望感」是關鍵因素。當信徒在禱告中持續將難以掌控的事情（如病情）交託給上帝，這重複的肯定和交託，能夠帶來心靈的平安和釋放。從生理層面看，這有助減少壓力荷爾蒙的分泌，降低對健康的負面影響。這正提醒我們，禱告不僅是屬靈的操練，也是全人健康的根基。在禱告裏，我們承認自己的有限，並且同時經歷上帝的無限和同在。

眼動治療

　　除了團契和禱告，現代心理學也提出一些建立情緒韌性的實用方法，例如「眼動身心重建法」（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing，簡稱EMDR），中文簡稱「眼動治療」。若在二十年前談論眼動治療，或許會引起誤解，因為治療時，治療師的手指在患者眼前左右移動，看起來有些像民間宗教的施法。然而，這套療法的起源其實非常生活化：創始人夏皮羅（Francine Shapiro）在公園散步時，無意間發現當眼睛隨著景物左右規律運動後，自己的負面情緒竟明顯減少了。隨後，她展開多年的臨床測試，而這套治療方法也逐漸獲得醫學界肯定。這給我們一個實用的啟發：當你發現自己陷入負面情緒，甚至像馬大和馬利亞那樣被哀傷籠罩，就不妨效法夏皮羅，到公園散散步，讓眼睛自然地左右轉動，看看兩旁的風景。這簡單的動作對舒緩情緒應該有所幫助。（當然，若發現情緒問題越來越嚴重，就務必尋求專業的醫療或心理輔導。）

　　「韌性」一詞近年備受關注，在中國內地譽為2025年的關鍵詞。這反映不少人正身處不確定的外在環境，內心焦慮不安，甚至影響個人生活及群體協作。我們心底裏渴望自己不受制於環境，能夠繼續向前邁進。回顧拉撒路的故事，馬大和馬利亞見證了超越她們想像的神蹟。願我們在團契生活和個人禱告的操練中，能夠建立身心靈的韌性。

____________________________________________

^* Gail Ironson and Salman Shaheen Ahmad, “Frequency of Private Prayer Predicts Survival Over 6 Years in a Nationwide U.S. Sample of Individuals with a Chronic Illness,” Journal of Religion and Health 63.4 (August 2024): 2910-2923〔網上文章〕；取自Springer Nature Link網頁（https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01870-z）；瀏覽於2026年3月1日。

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

璩理

基督教思想助理教授

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三類苦罪

　　每當世界發生重大災難，信仰群體中就常常有人再次提出神正論（Theodicy，或作：神義論）來反復討論。由於受災情影響，這類討論往往夾雜著強烈的情緒，難以保持平靜和理性。當今時代，信息流通異常迅速，只要稍有不慎，信徒的一些表述就可能觸發受災群體及公眾的敏感情緒。所以我們反思、討論這些問題時，先要禱告，求神賜給我們同情的心、智慧的腦、謹慎的口。

　　在神的創造秩序中，可以識別出三類主要的苦罪：（1）道德罪惡：人類濫用自由意志而犯下的罪行，如屠殺、偷竊、背叛等；（2）自然災難：人類即使採取了最好的預防措施，也無法避免的災禍，如地震、火災、車禍等；（3）生命苦痛：無論是源於人為還是自然因素，不幸總會降臨在一些人身上，如喪親之痛、身體殘疾、情緒抑鬱等。這三類苦罪當然不是截然分開，而是彼此重疊，互相交織。

信仰挑戰

　　這些苦罪真實存在，往往觸動我們信仰的根基。信徒和非信徒都有可能從這三個角度挑戰基督教信仰：（1）邏輯問題：陳述一「神是全能和全善的」與陳述二「苦罪存在」，在邏輯上不相容；（2）實證問題：苦罪的存在就是否定神存在的證據──要麼神不存在，要麼神不是全能或全善；（3）實存問題：撇下純理性的爭論，我們事實上被各種苦難纏繞，叫人嘆息：「這沒意義啊！」、「這不應該發生啊！至少不應該發生在我身上！」

　　對於來自邏輯和實證方面的挑戰，萊布尼茲（G. W. Leibniz）的主張是，我們的現實世界，儘管有苦難存在，仍然是「可能的世界中最美好的一個」。神作為全知、全能且全善的存有，創造這個世界是出於最好的意圖。這個世界中存在邪惡和苦難，也是為了實現更大的善或更長遠的目的。黑格爾（G. W. F. Hegel）也有類似的觀點，認為苦難是實現更高之善的必要條件。萊布尼茲和黑格爾的回應，是採取一種超然、遠離現實災難、純理性的進路。這樣的回應在理性上也許能夠成立，但是對於現實處境中正在受苦的人群來說，將其所有苦難「合理化」，卻可能同時是將具體的苦難抽象化，甚至是「虛無化」。仍受災情困擾的人恐怕要反問：難道我現在的困難，就是神要達至最大美善的「必要代價」或「必要手段」？我只是神必勝的大棋局中一枚可以棄掉的棋子嗎？

苦難就是苦難

　　「天道遠，人道邇」。如果對邏輯和實證據方面的回應顯得太遙遠（它們並非不重要，只是不一定切合受苦者的具體處境），那麼我們不妨從第三個角度著手，即從現實的生存處境來正視實實在在的苦難。從受苦者的視角出發，首先就不能如前兩個角度那樣將苦難問題抽象化，即從苦難的籠統概念出發，在理論思維層面論證其必然性；而是要正視、認真看待真實的苦難，就苦難本身來對待苦難。其次，就是不要為每一個真實的苦難勉強找一個看似「屬靈正確」的合理解釋：「這是神要你放下一切，單單仰望祂」、「在傷痛中，你會更真實地經歷神的恩典和眷顧」。有些苦難可能就是無意義的、全然負面的。我們不知它為何發生，為何發生在某人身上。如果一定要強作解人，為每個具體的苦難找出合理的解釋，就很容易犯上約伯三友那樣的錯誤。我們可以與哀哭的人同哀哭，也可以和傷痛的人分享約伯記，或作家杏林子（劉俠）、佈道家兼激勵演說家力克‧胡哲（Nick Vujicic）的生命故事。這或可幫助他們，安慰他們。當然，這也可能不行，因為別人的苦難故事和自己親歷的苦難，兩者始終還有很大的距離。

承受與盼望

　　馬丁路德晚年失去心愛的十三歲女兒，他說：「這感覺很奇怪，我知道她在天父那裏，一切都很好，卻又忍不住悲傷。」他還引用馬太福音二十六章41節，感嘆自己「心靈固然願意，肉體卻軟弱了」。因為我們肉身軟弱，在苦難中可能會質疑神，對神惱怒，禱告時說不出感謝讚美的言語，這也是人之常情──我們本來都是如此軟弱的。但是另一方面，我們也應該看到：這些將殘的燈火，壓傷的蘆葦，只要還沒有熄滅，沒有折斷，生活就還要繼續下去，信心就還要重拾；就算有些燈火真的熄滅了，有些蘆葦真的折斷了，那也不是最終的結局──在道路的盡頭，有曾經從死裏復活的主，在那裏等待我們回到永恆的天家。

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

吴国杰

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災難中的初期教會

　　基督宗教從開始即面對大大小小不同的壓迫和災難。自從羅馬皇帝尼祿（Nero，公元37-68年）縱火焚城並嫁禍給基督徒以後，教會便成為羅馬帝國打壓的非法組織。僅是堅持相信基督，就足可判以死罪。第二世紀初，巡撫小皮里紐（Pliny the Younger，公元61-113年）致信皇帝他雅努（Trajan，公元53-117年），請示如何處置基督徒，說：「在我面前有人被告發是基督徒，我就採取這些行動：我先問他們是不是基督徒；若他們承認，我就再問兩三次，並以刑罰來威嚇他們；若他們仍然堅持，我就下令將他們處決。」¹ 他雅努回覆，指皮里紐「已採取正確的路向」，但提醒他：「人若否認自己是基督徒，務必嚴加驗證，確定他們是敬拜我們的諸神」。²

　　君士坦丁大帝（Constantine the Great，公元 272-337年）於公元313年頒佈《米蘭諭旨》（Edictum Mediolanense）之前的二百多年裏，基督徒遭受無數殘酷的迫害。有的被集體釘死在十字架上，有的當作火把焚燒，有的在鬥獸場給獅子咬死，有孩童被披上獸皮給狂犬撕咬。皇帝奧熱流（Marcus Aurelius，公元121-180年）煽動暴民攻擊教會；在他執政期間，基督徒「承受狂燥暴徒慣常對待其仇敵和對手的那各種羞辱」。³ 皇帝德修（Decius，公元201-252年）要求全國人民皆要向羅馬的神祇「獻祭、奠酒，並要品嘗祭肉」，以此證明自己，違者要遭受酷刑。⁴ 皇帝戴克里先（Diocletian，公元245-311年）更下令「鏟平教會，焚燒聖經」。面對無懼死亡的基督徒，他「監禁各地的教會領袖，然後用盡一切方法強迫他們獻祭」，意圖藉此摧毀信徒群體的信心。⁵

早期教父的提醒

　　從現存的早期教父著作可見，遭受長時間殘酷迫害、陷在苦難中的初期教會並沒有生出苦毒怨恨或灰心喪志；相反，信徒常從屬靈角度積極面對，信靠基督，盼望將來的榮耀。這些教父對災禍苦難的言訓教導，可以歸納成以下三方面的提醒：

1. 上主在災難中同在，給受苦的聖徒帶來安慰：就如羅馬長老希坡律陀（Hippolytus，約公元170-235年）所說，逼迫災難乃源自敵基督對聖徒的攻擊，然而信徒可仰望「上主從天上顯現」。⁶ 這種顯現可以讓聖徒化危為機――或得著能力忍受痛苦，或殉道後得見主面。
2. 死亡不是生命的終結，而是暫且安息的美好時刻：特土良（Tertullian，約公元155-220年）解釋馬太福音六章6節時，指「內室」預表墳墓，那些在敵基督終極猛烈攻擊下離世的人，可以在其中安息片時。⁷ 因此，聖徒無須懼怕苦難和死亡；離世與主同在反而值得嚮往。
3. 在災難中堅忍到底的聖徒，可以得著榮耀的冠冕：愛任紐（Irenaeus，約公元125-202年）解釋馬太福音二十四章21節所描述的大災難時，明言「這是義人最後的試驗，得勝的可得不朽的冠冕」。⁸ 故此，聖徒應當懼怕的不是災難，而是在信仰上因逼迫而軟弱跌倒，從此失去屬天的福分。

　　按照以上理解，聖徒可存喜樂的心積極面對各種逼迫災難，就如使徒教父著作《黑馬牧人書》（Pastor Hermae）所說：「那些在將要來臨的大災難中堅忍的人應當歡喜快樂」。⁹ 他們重視將來天上永恆的屬靈生命，遠多於地上短暫的肉身生命；這原則正是他們從主耶穌基督受苦受死的榜樣中學習得來的。

　　今日世上也有許多苦難，有的是人明顯因信仰而遭受的，這時教父的教導能給信徒適切的鼓勵，但也有的是不易分辨其因由。國際間，戰爭導致災民死傷無數，流離失所；地區內，人禍致使親人生死相隔，家園盡毀。這些痛苦都是實在的，令人哀嘆。無論如何，早期教父的教導也提醒信徒：切勿將眼目僅放在短暫的今世，當以屬靈的眼光注視永恆的將來；相信災難只是短暫的試煉，基督是我們隨時的幫助。肉身受苦甚至受死並不可怕，只要在災難中堅忍到底，就能得著屬天榮耀的獎賞。

____________________________________________

¹ Pliny the Younger, Epistulae 10.96.
² Pliny the Younger, Epistulae 10.97.
³ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 5.1.
⁴ George Milligan, Greek Papyri (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912), no. 48.
⁵ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2.
⁶ Hippolytus, Commentariorum in Danielem 2.7.
⁷ Tertullian, De Carne Christi 4.27.
⁸ Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses 5.29.1.
⁹ Pastor Hermae, vision 2.2.

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

梁俊豪

新约副教授

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對受苦者的兩種反應

　　看到別人受苦，我們通常有兩種反應：第一，與大多數人一樣，我們心生同情，為別人的不幸感到難過，因而關心他們的福祉；第二，部分人能夠理解受苦者的觀點，並且體會他們的感受，產生共鳴。當媒體廣泛報導災難情況，我們自然對受害者產生第一種反應，這份同情推動我們關心、慰問或施予援助（例如捐款）給受苦者，期望減輕他們的苦楚。然而，我們所做的，是否真正能夠幫助他們？這是十分值得探討的問題。過度慰問可能帶給受苦者壓力；重複談論災難，也可能對他們造成二次傷害。在這種出於同情的行動，我們時常擔演施予者的角色，站在安全界線之後，向受助者伸出援手，但彼此的觀點和立場卻可能並不相同。當媒體減少報導，我們對受苦者的訴求和處境逐漸缺乏了解，對他們的關注和同情也就逐漸減退，甚至可能以自己的標準去判斷他們的感受。

　　第二種反應對我們來說比較陌生，需要我們設身處地，採納受苦者的觀點，對他們的苦況感同身受。放下自我觀點，深度代入受苦者的角度和情感世界，最能肯定他們的感受，並展現我們最真摰的人性和團結。但要達到這種程度的共鳴，對大部分人來說，甚至對接受過專業訓練的輔導人員來說，都是相當耗費精力。若果期間忽視了彼此之間的界線，還有可能使自己陷入抑鬱狀態或出現心理創傷。

「記得」與「感同身受」

　　然而，新約聖經希伯來書的作者卻呼籲信徒要以近似第二種反應的態度，對待那些因信仰的緣故遭受迫害的人：「也要記得那些受虐待的人，感同身受」（十三3，環球聖經譯本，下同）。「要記得」是承接上半節的吩咐：「你們要記得那些坐牢的人」，不只是意識上記憶起，也不只是言語上表達關注，而是用實際行動，持續不斷地（這吩咐是現在時態的）幫助他們。同樣，「感同身受」與上半節「好像跟他們一起坐牢一樣」平行，其原文是ὡς καὶ αὐτοὶ ὄντες ἐν σώματι，和合本修訂版和新漢語譯本譯作「好像你們也親身受到虐待一樣」。原文的ἐν σώματι（「在身體上」）表達徹底認同受苦者，其基礎是我們同有脆弱的身體和人性，彼此有特殊的結連。

　　這種人性的結連，在基督的救贖工作中顯露無遺。希伯來書二章11節指出神之子作為大祭司，與那稱為弟兄的子民「同是出於一個源頭」。子民既然「同有血肉之體」，擁有脆弱的人性，基督也分享這人性，「照樣成為血肉之體」（二14），「在各方面與他的弟兄們相同」（二17），包括「經過試探，受了苦」（二18），「幫助那些正在受試探的人」，以達成大祭司為人民贖罪之職。

　　希伯來書作者更形容大祭司能夠「同情我們的種種軟弱」（四15）。「同情」（συνπαθῆσαι，或譯「體恤」）不只是心理上的感受，更是分享軟弱人性的經驗，親身「在各方面都受過試探，像我們一樣」。基督作為大祭司，不是高高在上地可憐、同情我們因人性軟弱、落入試探而不能自救的苦況，而是選擇「在各方面」與我們「相同」（二17），即使要經歷與我們一樣的脆弱。這就是完全參與我們的人性軟弱，與我們結連。

　　我們能否「記得」受苦者，感同身受，在於我們有沒有學像基督，放下自己的身分、觀點或自以為與別不同之處，承認、體現並接受自己與受苦者有同樣脆弱的人性。人性的軟弱之一，是逃避苦楚，包括逃避自己的和別人的苦楚。然而，無視別人之苦，以種種理由劃清界線，割斷彼此間的結連，這無疑等於認為自己的人性比別人的更高貴、更神性、更有特權受到保護。要感同身受，與受苦者結連，就要像基督與我們結連一樣。這樣我們的同行和幫助才有意義。

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

黄福光

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為何災禍臨到？

　　當不幸的事情發生，不少人會問「為甚麼？」。其實許多時候，導致事情發生的直接成因，是我們知道的。根據世界衛生組織的數據，截至2026年1月25日，合共7,110,188人死於新冠肺炎（COVID-19）。¹ 距離我們更近的大埔宏福苑火災，官方死亡人數達168人。這兩場災難都對香港巿民造成深遠的影響，但其起因並非我們不知曉。新冠疫情是由新型冠狀病毒SARS-CoV-2引起，而大埔火災已查明多項肇因，當中沒有一項是神祕莫測或無法理解的。

　　那麼，為何我們即使知道災難的直接成因，仍要追問為甚麼呢？想必是因為我們不單想知道災禍的起因，更渴望明白其深層意義。換言之，我們想知道為甚麼神容許――甚或促使――災禍發生。在聖經裏，神透過天使、先知、異象或夢境傳達祂的旨意，也向人顯現，親自傳遞祂的話語，一點也不含糊。然而，這些事件非人所能掌控――在聖經裏如此，今天更是如此。因此，對於現今的災難，我們不能寄望從這些途徑獲得解釋。

　　不過，我們現有的聖經，是既易取得且具權威的資料來源，對災禍為何發生提供許多解釋。原因包括邪靈的攻擊（例如：約伯記）、人類的罪性（例如：士十九～二十一）、相關人士的愚昧決定（箴十14，十四16），以及神的審判（申二十八15-68）。傳道書九章12節指出，危及生命的災禍（原文作「惡時」）可以在毫無預警之下忽然臨到任何人；也就是說，在這墮落的世界，災難是常態，無需多加解釋。從較正面的角度看，神容許某些災禍發生，可能是藉此教導或訓練我們學義（申八1-3；彼前一6-7），或這是我們蒙召為神國所受的苦（太五10-12）。這些全都是合理的答案，但問題是我們未必能夠辨明，對於某個處境，哪個才是正確的解答。即使我們以為明白，也可能弄錯了。約伯的朋友便是如此，以為自己知道答案，誰知是看錯了。

探尋災難的意義

　　我認為探尋災難的意義時，該先調查直接的肇因，因為這也許就是意義所在。舉例說，若有人犯罪、犯法或做了愚昧的事，招致災禍（甚至禍及他人），他就應該為自己的罪惡、過犯或愚昧而悔改，不用尋求更深層的意義。此舉對於防止災難重演，十分重要。但假如直接肇因並不明確，強作解釋則會適得其反，無助於阻止災難重演。況且，將過失歸咎於無辜者，亦有欠公允。

　　至此，我們須再談談約伯的朋友。他們的神學觀點沒有出錯――神獎賞遵行祂話語的人，懲罰違背者，這觀念可見於聖經（例如：申二十八；士三7-8）。但他們的錯誤是把這個神學觀點套用在約伯身上。應用錯誤比詮釋錯誤更難糾正，因為這是個主觀判斷。儘管聖經為災禍和苦難提供許多解釋，但要判斷對於某個處境，哪個解釋（如有）方為正確，並非易事。正如伽達默爾（Hans-Georg Gadamer）引述康德（Immanuel Kant）說：「沒有任何規則規範我們合理地運用規則。」² 我們沒有另一本聖經教我們如何運用聖經。這提醒我們：即使詮釋正確，在應用時仍可能出錯。正因如此，研讀聖經不僅關乎歷史資訊、文法分析和神學知識，還需要聖靈引導和辨識能力，才能將真理正確地應用於生活。

另一種應對方式

　　面對災難，路得記中的路得和波阿斯，採用了另一種應對方式。有別於約伯的朋友，路得沒有試圖解釋拿俄米為何失去丈夫和兩個兒子，而是選擇陪伴她返回伯利恆，悉心照顧她。同樣，波阿斯也沒有嘗試解釋悲劇為何發生在拿俄米和路得身上，而是協助她們獲取糧食，後來更成為她們的「親屬贖者」（kinsman redeemer）。我們無法解釋災禍，並不表示我們就無能為力。相反，我們仍可以做很多實事去幫助受災者。

　　那麼，我們應該探求災難的深層意義嗎？我想對大部分人而言，這意思是從中可以汲取甚麼屬靈教訓。這涉及主觀的領受。即使我們不是親身經歷災難，也可以從中領悟屬靈的功課；若親歷其中，就更不用說了。不過，如果是指另一層面，意思是我們能否在災難中辨識神的旨意，那就應當謹慎了。舉例說，是否因為這世代邪惡，所以神藉新冠病毒來懲罰世界？抑或這是基督再來之前的陣痛預兆（可十三8）？兩者皆有可能，但我們無法肯定。因此，我們不應把這些解釋當作真理去教導人。與其提出無法確定的解釋，不如切實遵行申命記二十九章29節的教訓：「隱祕的事是屬耶和華──我們神的，惟有明顯的事是永遠屬我們和我們子孫的，好叫我們遵行這律法上的一切話。」同樣，神容許或促使災禍發生，當中的旨意也許隱而不顯；但祂吩咐我們幫助有需要的人，這旨意已清楚顯明了。

____________________________________________

¹ “Number of COVID-19 deaths reported to WHO”〔網上資料〕；取自世界衛生組織（World Health Organization）網頁（https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/deaths）；瀏覽於2026年2月13日。
² Hans-Georg Gadamer, Reason in the Age of Science, trans. Grederick G. Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), 121.

（翻譯：陳秀媚）

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

時代紛亂，災難頻仍，基督徒該如何面對？聖經或神學對我們有甚麼提醒或安慰？我們邀請了多位老師從不同的角度探討這些問題。

Experiencing God's Love

Growing up in a Christian primary school, I regularly listened to teachers explain the Bible. From that time on, I had a simple faith in God and obeyed Him. Later, someone invited me to attend church worship services, which marked the beginning of my church life. However, at that time, I only participated in worship services, and since I subsequently studied abroad for many years, my connection with the church remained distant.

In October 2016, I returned to Hong Kong after graduating from a university, and shortly after, my grandfather passed away. I felt deeply saddened, but when the pastor expressed the church's condolences and care to me, I suddenly felt God's love, which stirred in me a desire to respond and seek Him further. Thereafter, I joined the church fellowship and genuinely experienced the love of brothers and sisters in Christ, joining them in the pursuit of spiritual growth.

Awakening My Heart for Missions

At the end of 2018, two brothers invited me to serve with them in Myanmar. This experience opened my eyes, deepening my understanding of faith and enriching my spiritual life. It also planted a blossoming desire in my heart for the Great Commission of spreading the gospel.

Praise be to the Lord for, after several years, my passion remained unfading, and I constantly kept the ministry of the Abundant Life Church in Myanmar in my thoughts and prayers. In the summer of 2023, I visited the area for the third time. In addition to meeting with co-workers, children, and other brothers and sisters, I took the opportunity to check the condition of the library which had been previously established. I also participated in the expansion project of that church.

Whether then or now, the situation in Myanmar remains heartbreaking. Since the military reclaimed power, the nation has been engulfed in endless warfare, leaving its people displaced and suffering. Hospitals lack doctors, schools lack teachers, and hope has vanished from the eyes of the people—alas! When I returned to the Abundant Life Church, my heart was often stirred, and I was moved to tears. I saw so many people in dire need, longing for blessings. The church's electronic organ had never worked properly; the girls' dormitory did not have a single fan, making summer nights unbearably hot and sleepless. Upon learning this, I immediately went to purchase fans, hoping that these young people could live a little better. Though such help may seem very limited in scope, I felt that it was important to do whatever I could to help.

Later, the children's pure hearts touched me yet again. They were filled with eagerness to understand Chinese literature, so I helped guide them through Su Dongpo's “Water Melody” and Li Houzhu's “Lady Yu.” Seeing their faces light up with satisfaction made the discomfort from the heat at night feel worthwhile. Their excitement reminded me to keep a pure and simple heart every day and led me to reflect that God values our innermost beings most. It also prompted me to ask myself: Do I truly possess a pure and humble heart to follow the Lord?

While there, I also visited several impoverished families. Though destitute and living in conditions unfit for habitation by Hong Kong standards, they sang hymns and worshiped God from the depths of their hearts that evening. This sight moved me to tears. Additionally, I visited a newly established primary school in the rural outskirts. Despite being church-run, it even had young monks attending classes. I pray the Lord to bestow His grace upon that land and lead more teachers to come and teach them.

The multitude of ministries there is beyond counting, making me keenly aware that the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few. After returning to Hong Kong that time, I visited various churches to share my experiences and insights, hoping that more brothers and sisters in Christ would learn about the Abundant Life Church, so they may give offerings generously, pray persistently, and work together to bless the churches in Myanmar.

Embracing the Missionary Vision

Through the ministry in Myanmar, God has given me a vision for mission. May God grant me His heart for the needy and persecuted. Let me not only worship Him sincerely but also lead all nations and peoples to know Him. Even if a lifetime of mission yields only a small harvest, how wonderful it would be if it could bring us, His creation, into fellowship with the Triune Creator, singing praises to Him with joyful voices!

On August 9, 2024, I turned thirty. I am grateful that I was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, at that time, participating in a mission trip. Under the guidance of the Rev. Eric Wing-mun Tong and the Rev. Chi-kwong Chung, I was inspired to reflect on the idea of “establishing oneself at thirty”: First, I asked myself, “Why does the Lord give me all these gifts?” Then, I asked myself, “Why have I not girded my loins and set out, now that my youth is past? Why wait until old age overtakes me?” Thus, I resolved to answer God's call, enter the seminary for training, and aspire to be used by Him.

Lord, though I am weak and inadequate, I ask for Your grace and love. Send me forth and use me. I desire to follow You all my life! Amen!

时间是神创造的吗？——再思奥古斯丁论时间的起源

时间在自然科学和宗教思想里都是一个极其重要的议题。「时间」不仅吸引科学家和宗教思想家的关注，也决定了我们普通人看待万物的方式。

在《忏悔录》中，奥古斯丁将时间内置于神的创造秩序，其思想成为后世探讨物理时间和心理时间的重要思想资源。

本讲座将当代理论物理及心理学的时间理论追溯到奥古斯丁的时间起源论，尝试实现一种新的神学文本诠释上的「视域融合」。

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Please refer to the Chinese page.

Please refer to the Chinese page.

费用全免，无须报名

Please refer to the Chinese page.

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